A European cybersecurity agency. A national AI strategy. A flagship White House health report. Between May 2025 and April 2026, all three released official documents built partly on research that did not exist.

The European cybersecurity agency ENISA published threat landscape reports last year that outside researchers found included AI-generated or otherwise erroneous references. By one count, one report contained 26 incorrect footnotes out of 492; the agency later issued a revised version that corrected some links. In South Africa, the government withdrew its draft national AI policy after media reporting found that at least six of its sixty-seven academic citations were fabricated. In the United States, a government Make Our Children Healthy Again assessment cited studies that did not exist and misattributed others. The Washington Post separately found that dozens of the report’s footnotes carried an “oaicite” marker, a fingerprint of OpenAI-generated citations.

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