Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
The Three Percenters coalesce around the incorrect belief that only 3% of Americans defended the public from British forces during the American war for independence.[116] Historical estimates place participation closer to 15-25%, a substantial portion of the colonists at the time.[117] Nevertheless, the Three Percenters interpret the idea of the 3% as a “success case” of defense against the alleged tyranny of the federal government. Three Percenters view themselves as modern day counterparts to those American revolutionaries, fighting not against the British but the U.S. federal government.[118]
On their website, Three Percenters claim that they are “not a militia” and “not antigovernment.” They group’s goal is “to reign [sic] in an overreaching government and push back against tyranny.”[119] The Three Percenters are also committed to protecting gun rights and opposing gun control laws.[120] Despite their rejection of the antigovernment label, much of Three Percenter ideology draws on the anti-government ideas of the 1990s militia movement. This movement was driven by a belief in the conspiracy of the “New World Order” (NWO), which holds that the government is secretly a socialist coalition of leaders attempting to strip Americans of their rights and make them slaves to a tyrannical government. The Three Percenter concept can be understood as a simplification of the NWO theory, which is harder to sell to a mainstream audience than a tale of patriotism about a small minority of Americans.[121] The Anti-Defamation League has described the concept as “the most powerful marketing tool for the militia movement in its history.”[122]
The Three Percenters do not officially adhere to racist ideologies. Three Percenters’ founder Michael Vanderboegh declared that he “fought white supremacists and neo-Nazis all [his] life.”[123] Nonetheless, the group has exhibited significant hostility towards Muslims and immigrants. Facebook forums and posts created by group members are often blatantly Islamophobic, and many Three Percenter leaders have been recorded making anti-Muslim statements.[124] For example, Chris Hill, the leader of the III% Security Force, claimed in a video posted to Facebook in 2019 that Muslims “want to fucking destroy us and our way of life.”[125] Other Three Percenters have focused on immigrants, joining anti-immigrant extremists in vigilante border patrols along the U.S.-Mexico border.[126]
Elections, Representatives, and Law Enforcement
Starting in 2015, Three Percenter chapters appeared at Trump and pro-Trump rallies across the United States. In many cases, chapter members arrived armed and provided self-designated “security” against counter-protestors.[127] The Three Percenters have also offered “protection” to right-wing individuals and representatives that support Three Percenter legislative priorities. In 2018, Idaho III%ers provided security for Janice McGeachin, who was running for lieutenant governor.[128] In 2019, Three Percenter members offered armed “protection” for Republican senators who had fled the Capitol to prevent the passing of a climate-change proposal.[129] Following the 2015 Chattanooga shootings at a mall in Tennessee, Three Percenters organized armed gatherings outside of army recruiting centers in a similar attempt to “protect” service members.[130]
Several state representatives have been linked to the Three Percenter organization, which encourages its members to run for local or state offices. Most predominantly, Representative Lauren Boebert from Colorado has reportedly been tied to the group, in addition to Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene, who has promoted QAnon conspiracies and attended events that hosted Three Percenters.[131] The Three Percenters also seek to support local enforcement officers. As with other right-wing militias, law enforcement officers and military veterans have been linked to Three Percenter groups.[132]
Activism and Mobilization
Three Percenter leaders are staunch promoters of member participation in marches, protests, and rallies. Members are often, but not always, armed. In 2020, the Three Percenters participated in counterprotests to Black Lives Matter demonstrations and rallied against lockdown restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic. The Three Percenters also encourage activism that is often overtly Islamophobic, anti-immigrant, or anti-abortion. For example, the III% Security Force in Georgia engaged in a slew of armed rallies around local mosques and conducted armed protests outside of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta to show their support for anti-abortion legislation that had been passed in the state.[133] Members of the III% United Patriots similarly encouraged armed border patrols along the U.S.-Mexico border.[134]
Involvement in Local and National Politics
In recent years, Three Percenters have become involved in local and state politics throughout the United States. In the small Washington town of Black Diamond, for example, two people on the city council are members of the Washington (WA) Three Percent. Moreover, Matt Marshall, the founder of the WA III% and a former army medic who served in Afghanistan, was elected to the school board in Eatonville, Washington.[135] In 2020, he ran for a seat in the Washington state legislature, although he lost in the general election. In Idaho, Eric Parker, the founder of the Real 3% of Idaho who was charged in the 2014 armed standoff at Bundy ranch, ran unsuccessfully for election to the Idaho State Senate as a Republican.[136]
The Three Percenters primarily target symbols of government power, minority communities, anti-racist organizations, and the anti-fascist (antifa) movement. Most attacks conducted by the Three Percenters occur without casualties. The group’s chapters have participated in armed standoffs with the federal government to target federal regulators and agents, such as the 2014 and 2015 standoffs with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Forest Service in Nevada, Oregon, and Montana. In 2021, efforts to target government power and prevent Joe Biden’s victory turned violent, marking a deviation in tactics. The Three Percenters have also targeted minority groups by protesting the presence of mosques, counterprotesting Black Lives Matter demonstrations, and conducting vigilante border patrols.
Disclaimer: This list includes instances in which the militant group engaged in or threatened violence. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most notable examples of participation in violent events.
April 2014: Members of the Three Percenters, including Eric Parker, the leader of the Idaho III%ers, joined far-right groups from across the nation in Bunkerville, Nevada, to participate in an armed standoff between the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and Cliven Bundy, a rancher who refused to pay federal grazing fees. They successfully prevented the confiscation of rancher Cliven Bundy’s cattle. This operation – one of the organization’s first – helped the Three Percenters gain national attention.[137] (0 killed, 0 wounded)
April 2015: In April 2015, Eric Parker and other Three Percenter members were involved in an armed standoff between miners and the Bureau of Land Management in Grants Pass Oregon.[138] (0 killed, 0 wounded)
August 2015: Eric Parker and other Three Percenter members took part in a protest in Lincoln, Montana, where they again supported miners banned from working on federal land. Parker allegedly set up an armed checkpoint on public lands to prevent U.S. Forest Service agents from taking any regulatory action against the White Hope mine.[139] (0 killed, 0 wounded)
October 14, 2016: Three members of the Kansas Crusaders, an affiliate chapter of the III% Security Force, were arrested for plotting to bomb a mosque and an apartment building housing Somali and Muslim residents. In 2019, the three men were convicted and received sentences ranging from 25 to 30 years in prison.[140] (0 killed, 0 wounded)
August 5, 2017: Three members of the small militia III%er chapter, the White Rabbit Three Percent Illinois Patriot Freedom Fighters Militia, bombed a mosque, the Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center, in Bloomington, Minnesota. Three months later, they attacked an abortion clinic in Champaign, Illinois. The three men were arrested in March 2018 and were convicted on multiple charges. As of mid-2021, they had yet to be sentenced but each faced mandatory minimum sentences of 35 years in prison.[141] (0 killed, 0 wounded)
August 14, 2017: Jerry Drake Varnell, a 23-year-old self-identified affiliate of the Three Percenters, was arrested for attempting to bomb a bank in Oklahoma City. The attempted attack was modeled after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, which killed over one hundred people. Fortunately, unbeknownst to Varnell, the bombs were fake, supplied by an undercover FBI agent. Varnell was convicted on multiple charges and in March 2020 sentenced to 25 years in prison.[142] (0 killed, 0 wounded)
January 6, 2021: The Three Percenters participated in the storming of the U.S. Capitol alongside other far-right groups, including the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, and QAnon supporters, in an attempt to halt the certification of Joe Biden’s election. One police officer who engaged with protesters during the insurrection, Brian Sicknick, died of natural causes the day after the attack.[143] Four protesters died at various points throughout the event: one (Ashli Babbitt) was shot by Capitol Police, two died of natural causes and another of drug intoxication.[144] Approximately one hundred forty police officers were injured. The number of injured rioters remains unknown. Four police officers who responded to the attack died by suicide within seven months.[145] (5 killed, about 140 wounded)[146]
The Three Percenters draws its membership from a broad range of individuals and communities across the United States. Members include men and women, ranging in age from their 20s to their 70s. While Three Percenters represent a variety of professions, the group draws a considerable number of its members from law enforcement and from the oil and gas industry.[148]
In addition, several chapters actively engage in community outreach and charity work. The Washington (WA) III%, located in Washington state, has sought to portray itself as a civil society organization with a positive community impact. In fact, the group’s founder, Matt Marshall, registered the group as a nonprofit, claiming its primary goal is to support local communities.[149] The WA III% rejects labels like “militia,” paramilitary,” and “antigovernment,” even though its bylaws explicitly reference the Minutemen of the American Revolution and encourage members to carry weapons “every day and everywhere you legally can.”[150] Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the WA III% has supported food banks, coordinated food drives, and organized protests calling for the reopening of the economy. These efforts have sometimes been combined with political objectives. In May, for example, as reported by High Country News, the group “posted on Facebook asking for volunteers to help with the next food drive, while also collecting signatures for a ballot initiative to repeal Washington’s comprehensive sex education law.” [151]
The Real 3% of Idaho has also participated in community service efforts. According to the group’s founder, Eric Parker, such efforts are an integral component of the group’s mission. During the pandemic, members have aided in potato drives and delivered sanitizer and masks to volunteer firefighters in western Idaho. Moreover, in the past few years, the group has joined adopt-a-highway programs.[152] While Parker insisted that their charitable acts have no agenda beyond helping the community, terrorism experts have criticized them as “publicity stunts” intended to mainstream the group and attract new members.[153]
The Three Percenters have been in contact with various other far-right groups since its founding in 2008, including the Proud Boys, the Oath Keepers, and Patriot Prayer. Most connections between the Three Percenters and other groups consist of participation in the same events and operations, so the extent of these relationships is unclear. Even so, it appears that the Three Percenter’s most significant relationship is with the Oath Keepers, as described below.
Oath Keepers
The Oath Keepers (OK) are an ideological ally of the Three Percenters. A far-right militant organization founded in 2009, OK seeks to protect Americans from what it perceives as violations of U.S. citizens’ natural rights by the U.S. federal government. The group’s name refers to the oath to “defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic,” that is sworn by members of the military and police.[154] Unlike the Three Percenters, OK has a hierarchical structure.[155] The Three Percenters share aspects of OK’s worldview, such as favorable self-comparison with the American Revolution and fear of a tyrannical federal government.[156] There is considerable membership overlap between the two groups.[157]
OK has been linked to the Three Percenters since OK was founded in 2009 by U.S. Army veteran and Yale Law School graduate Stewart Rhodes.[158] Three Percenters founder Mike Vanderboegh attended OK’s founding ceremony in Lexington, Massachusetts, on April 19, 2009.[159] Rhodes has spoken publicly in support of the Three Percenters, and as early as September 2009, OK members were seen carrying a Three Percenters flag at an Oath Keepers demonstration in Washington, D.C.[160] Over the years, OK and the Three Percenters have participated alongside each other in several major operations. In April 2014, both groups came to the aid of rancher Cliven Bundy in his armed confrontation with the federal government.[161] The next year, the Idaho III%ers joined OK in its standoff at the Sugar Pine Mine in southwestern Oregon, where they sought to defend gold miners Rick Barclay and George Backes against federal authorities.[162] OK and the Three Percenters also banded together to organize armed patrols outside military recruiting centers around the United States after a shooting at one such center in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in July 2015.[163]
In January 2017, OK coordinated with the Three Percenters and a group called Bikers for Trump in organizing an operation to provide security for President Donald Trump’s inauguration in anticipation of threats from antifa and the Islamic State.[164] This collaborative relationship continued during the Trump presidency. For example, in June 2017, OK and the Three Percenters both participated in efforts to provide security for anti-Muslim rallies organized by ACT for America and participated in a right-wing free speech rally in the face of a heavy antifa presence in Portland.[165] Along with the Three Percenters, OK played a major role in the storming of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.[166] According to federal prosecutors, the leader of the Florida Oath Keepers, Kelly Meggs, coordinated with members of the Three Percenters prior to the attack on the Capitol.[167]
There is no observable evidence that this group receives external support from foreign governments or third parties.
[1] Andrews, Edmund, Colleen Bye, Bob Fulkerson, and Anthony Shafton. “The Danger Within: Right-Wing Violence in Nevada.” Political Research Associates. October 16, 2020. https://www.politicalresearch.org/2020/10/16/danger-within-right-wing-violence-nevada.; Wyler, Grace. “The Bundy Ranch Standoff Was Only the Beginning for America's Right-Wing Militias.” VICE News. April 16, 2014. https://www.vice.com/en/article/dpwykw/an-armed-standoff-in-nevada-is-only-the-beginning-for-americas-right-wing-militias.; Childress, Sarah. “The Battle Over Bunkerville: The Bundys, the Federal Government and the New Militia Movement.” PBS Frontline. May 16, 2017. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-battle-over-bunkerville/.
[2] Wise, Alana. “Capitol Police Officer Brian Sicknick Died Of Natural Causes, Medical Examiner Rules.” NPR. April 19, 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/04/19/988876722/capitol-police-officer-brian-sicknick-died-of-natural-causes-medical-examiner-ru.
[3] Jansen, Bart. “Cause of death released for 4 of 5 people at Capitol riot – but not Officer Brian Sicknick.” USA Today. April 7, 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/04/07/capitol-riot-deaths-cause-death-released-4-5-not-sicknick/7128040002/.
[4] Wolfe, Jan. “Four officers who responded to U.S. Capitol attack have died by suicide.” Reuters. August 2, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/officer-who-responded-us-capitol-attack-is-third-die-by-suicide-2021-08-02/.
[5] Schmidt, Michael S. and Luke Broadwater. “Officers’ Injuries, Including Concussions, Show Scope of Violence at Capitol Riot.” The New York Times. February 11, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/us/politics/capitol-riot-police-officer-injuries.html.; McEvoy, Jemima. “Woman Possibly ‘Crushed To Death’: These Are The Five People Who Died Amid Pro-Trump Riots.” Forbes. January 8, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/08/woman-possibly-crushed-to-death-these-are-the-five-people-who-died-amid-pro-trump-riots/?sh=64f9e77d737c.
[6] “Michael Brian Vanderboegh.” Southern Poverty Law Center. N.d. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-brian-vanderboegh-0.
[7] Three Percenters.” Anti-Defamation League. N.d.
https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters.
[8] Stall, Hampton et al. “Right-Wing Militia Groups & the US Election.” ACLED. October 23, 2020. https://acleddata.com/2020/10/21/standing-by-militias-election/.; “Antigovernment Movement.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antigovernment.
[9] “Michael Brian Vanderboegh.” Southern Poverty Law Center. N.d. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-brian-vanderboegh-0.; “Three Percenters.” Anti-Defamation League. N.d. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters.
[10] “Three Percenters.” Anti-Defamation League. N.d. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters.
[11] Perliger, Arie. American Zealots: Inside Right-Wing Domestic Terrorism. Columbia University Press, New York: 2020.; “Three Percenters.” Anti-Defamation League. N.d. https://www.adl.org/resources/glossary-terms/three-percenters.
[12] Vanderboegh, Mike. “A Brief Three Percent Catechism – A discipline not for the faint-hearted.” Sipsey Street Irregulars. June 29, 2014. http://sipseystreetirregulars.blogspot.com/2014/06/a-brief-three-percent-catechism.html.
[13] “Three Percenters.” Anti-Defamation League. N.d. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters.
[14] The Oath Keepers, for example, targets current and former military and law enforcement personnel for recruitment. The organization has two tiers of members: “full members” and “associate members.” Only retired and active-duty military personnel and first responders are entitled to full membership; others must join as associate members. See the Oath Keepers profile on Mapping Militants for more information.
[15] Three Percenters.” Anti-Defamation League. N.d.
https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters.
[16] “Michael Brian Vanderboegh.” Southern Poverty Law Center. N.d. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-brian-vanderboegh-0.; Beutel, Alejandro J and Daryl Johnson. “The Three Percenters: A Look Inside an Anti-Government Militia.” Newlines Institute for Strategy and Policy. February 2021. https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/20210225-Three-Percenter-PR-NISAP-1.pdf.
[17] “Michael Brian Vanderboegh.” Southern Poverty Law Center. N.d. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-brian-vanderboegh-0.; Kellogg, Carolyn. “Online novel' allegedly inspired Georgia terrorism suspects.” Los Angeles Times. November 3, 2011. https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/11/online-novel-inspire....
[18] Rhett Miller, Joshua. “Author of Novel Cited by Georgia Militia Suspects Says His Work Was Misinterpreted.” Fox News. November 29, 2015. https://www.foxnews.com/us/author-of-novel-cited-by-georgia-militia-suspects-says-his-work-was-misinterpreted.
[19] Conte, Michaelangelo. “Jersey City police brass identify a pro-militia clique in the department and say they've been stopped.” The Jersey Journal. April 29, 2013. https://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/2013/04/jersey_city_police_brass_ident.....
[20] Andrews, Edmund, Colleen Bye, Bob Fulkerson, and Anthony Shafton. “The Danger Within: Right-Wing Violence in Nevada.” Political Research Associates. October 16, 2020. https://www.politicalresearch.org/2020/10/16/danger-within-right-wing-violence-nevada.
[21] Wyler, Grace. “The Bundy Ranch Standoff Was Only the Beginning for America's Right-Wing Militias.” VICE News. April 16, 2014. https://www.vice.com/en/article/dpwykw/an-armed-standoff-in-nevada-is-only-the-beginning-for-americas-right-wing-militias.; Childress, Sarah. “The Battle Over Bunkerville: The Bundys, the Federal Government and the New Militia Movement.” PBS Frontline. May 16, 2017. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-battle-over-bunkerville/. For more information on the Bundy Ranch Standoff and the role of the Oath Keepers, see the Mapping Militants Project’s profile on the Oath Keepers, accessible at https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/oath-keepers
[22] Allam, Hannah. “Militia Leader Known As The 'Bundy Ranch Sniper' Seeks A New Title: State Senator.” NPR. October 22, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/10/22/926279072/militia-leader-known-as-the-bundy-ranch-sniper-seeks-a-new-title-senator.
[23] Barrouquere, Brett. “3 Members of a Kansas Militia Once Plotted To Bomb a Mosque, Now Are Going to Prison.” Southern Poverty Law Center. January 25, 2019. https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/01/25/3-members-kansas-militia-once-plotted-bomb-mosque-now-are-going-prison.; Piggott, Stephen. “Men Arrested in Plot to Bomb Kansas Apartment Complex, Mosque Following Presidential Election.” Southern Poverty Law Center. October 14, 2016. https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/10/14/3-men-arrested-plot-bomb-kansas-apartment-complex-mosque-following-presidential-election.; “Revisiting GSFIII: ‘Civil disobedience’, anti-abortion activism, and splinters new and old.” Militia Watch. June 15, 2019. https://militia.watch/read/gsfiii-civdis-schism/.
[24] Teague, Matthew. “Armed ‘3%’ militia fights against proposed mosque in tiny Georgia town.” The Guardian. October 13, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/13/three-percent-militia-georgia-muslim-mosque-isis-doraville.; “Revisiting GSFIII: ‘Civil disobedience’, anti-abortion activism, and splinters new and old.” Militia Watch. June 15, 2019. https://militia.watch/read/gsfiii-civdis-schism/.
[25] Fernandez, Manny. “Bombing Plot in Oklahoma City Is Thwarted With Arrest, F.B.I. Says.” The New York Times. August 14, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/oklahoma-van-bomb-domestic-terrorism.html.; “Jury convicted man in Oklahoma City federal bomb plot trial.” Associated Press. February 25, 2019.
[26] Sankin, Aaron and Will Caless. “The Hate Report: Get to know the Three Percenter.” Reveal. March 16, 2018. https://revealnews.org/blog/hate-report-get-to-know-the-three-percenters/.
[27] Schechter, Asher. “Preparing for 'An All-out War': Why Anti-government Militias Are Taking Up Arms for Trump.” Haaretz. August 16, 2017. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-why-anti-government-militias-are-suddenly-taking-up-their-arms-for-trump-1.5443110.
[28] Three Percenters.” Anti-Defamation League. N.d.
https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters.
[29] “Armed militia at peaceful Missouri protests raises concerns.” KY3. September 2, 2017. https://www.ky3.com/content/news/Armed-militia-at-peaceful-Missouri-protests-raises-concerns-442549833.html.
[30] Kozlowska, Hanna. “Who were the armed, camouflaged men in Charlottesville who have nothing to do with the military?” Quartz. August 15, 2017. https://qz.com/1053604/who-were-the-armed-camouflaged-men-in-charlottesville-who-have-nothing-to-do-with-the-military/.; McKenzie, Bryan. “Militia member speaks about group’s role at rally.” The Daily Progress. https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/militia-member-speaks-about-group-s-role-at-rally/article_e6765d00-85f9-11e7-82cf-3baf6f9c497a.html.
[31] Boothe, Daniel. “Pro-Trump rally draws militia to Calder Plaza.” WGVU News. March 4, 2017. https://www.wgvunews.org/post/pro-trump-rally-draws-militia-calder-plaza.; Shen-Berro, Julian. “Oregon Paramilitary Group Pledges To Defend GOP Climate Bill Opponents In Hiding.” HuffPost. June 25, 2019. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/three-percenters-oregon-senate_n_5d0d08a5e4b0a3941861ee1a.
[32] Jackson, Kyeland. “Protesters Rally in Louisville, Demanding McConnell Remove Trump From Office.” 89.3 WFPL. December 17, 2019. https://wfpl.org/protesters-rally-in-louisville-demanding-mcconnell-remove-trump-from-office/.
[33] Beutel, Alejandro J and Daryl Johnson. “The Three Percenters: A Look Inside an Anti-Government Militia.” Newlines Institute for Strategy and Policy. February 2021. https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/20210225-Three-Percenter-PR-NISAP-1.pdf.; Teague, Matthew. “Armed ‘3%’ militia fights against proposed mosque in tiny Georgia town.” The Guardian. October 13, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/13/three-percent-militia-georgia-muslim-mosque-isis-doraville.
[34] Krause, Kevin. “Feds are looking for militia man with ‘violent tendencies’ who mounted armed patrol on South Texas border.” The Dallas Morning News. August 9, 2019. https://www.dallasnews.com/news/crime/2019/08/09/feds-are-looking-for-militia-man-with-violent-tendencies-who-mounted-armed-patrols-on-south-texas-border/.; Feldbab-Brown, Vanda and Elisa Norio. “What border vigilantes taught US right-wing armed groups.” The Brookings Institution. March 12, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-border-vigilantes-taught-us-right-wing-armed-groups/.
[35] “Revisiting GSFIII: ‘Civil disobedience’, anti-abortion activism, and splinters new and old.” Militia Watch. June 15, 2019. https://militia.watch/read/gsfiii-civdis-schism/.; Green, Jordan. “III% Security Force deposes national leader, reorganizes under new name.” Triad City Beat. August 25, 2019. https://triad-city-beat.com/iii-security-force-deposes-national-leader-reorganizes-new-name/.
[36] “Percent of a Percent: Assessing the transformation of a fractured III%.” Militia Watch. September 11, 2020. https://militia.watch/read/percent-of-a-percent/.
[37] “Three Percent Security Force’s Split Highlights Plague of Infighting.” Southern Poverty Law Center. September 6, 2019. https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/09/06/three-percent-security-forces-split-highlights-plague-infighting.
[38] “Extremists Involved in Nationwide Protests Against Coronavirus Restrictions.” Anti-Defamation League. April 20, 2020. https://www.adl.org/blog/extremists-involved-in-nationwide-protests-against-coronavirus-restrictions.
[39] Silverman, Hollie. “An effigy of Kentucky Gov. Beshear was hung from a tree at the end of a Second Amendment rally.” CNN. May 25, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/us/kentucky-governor-andy-beshear-effigy/index.html.; Stracqualursi, Veronica. “Kentucky governor responds to protesters who hung effigy of him: ‘They will not intimate me.’” CNN. May 29, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/us/kentucky-governor-andy-beshear-effigy/index.html.
[40] Kenning, Chris et al. “Opposing armed militias converge in Louisville, escalating tensions but avoiding violence.” Louisville Courier Journal. July 25, 2020. https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2020/07/25/louisville-protests-nfac-three-percenters-expected-demonstrate/3288198001/.
[41] Boone, Christian, Chris Joyner, and Janel Davis. “Trump supporters rally at Georgia Capitol, elsewhere in Atlanta.” The Atlanta-Journal Constitution. November 7, 2020. https://www.ajc.com/politics/election/trump-supporters-rally-at-georgia-capitol-elsewhere-in-atlanta/V4LEZAEPDJEAJMNYX5UTDTLCNQ/.; “Antigovernment Movement.” Southern Poverty Law Center. N.d. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antigovernment.; “SPLC Action.” Southern Poverty Law Center. May 26, 2021. https://www.splcactionfund.org/sites/default/files/final%20SPLC%20Action%20Fund%20statement%20House%20Oversight%20Civil%20Rights%20and%20Civil%20Liberties%20Rise%20of%20Militia%20Extremism.pdf.
[42] Joyner, Chris. “Georgia at high risk of militia threat around elections, new report says.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. October 22, 2020. https://www.ajc.com/news/georgia-at-high-risk-of-militia-threat-around-elections-new-report-says/5ZWUJWXY35DMXHCCEN735CSPFY/.
[43] “Three Percenters.” Anti-Defamation League. N.d. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters.; “Standing By: Right-Wing Militia Groups & the US Election.” Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. October 2020. https://acleddata.com/acleddatanew/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ACLEDMilitiaWatch_StandingByMilitiaGroups_2020Web.pdf.
[44] Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer, Denise Lu, Eleanor Lutz, and Alex Leeds Matthews. “A Small Group of Militants’ Outsize Role in the Capitol Attack.” The New York Times. February 21, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/02/21/us/capitol-riot-attack-militants.html.
[45] Liu, Diana. “Who are these militia seen charging up the steps during the US Capitol siege?” The Observers. January 12, 2021. https://observers.france24.com/en/americas/20210112-us-militia-oath-keepers-three-percenters-capitol-assault.
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