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The Wagner Group operates first and foremost as a proxy force on behalf of the Kremlin.[205] Officially, Wagner does not communicate ideological objectives beyond serving the Russian government.[206] However, there is evidence of neo-Nazi beliefs among Wagner members and leadership. For example, Dmitry Utkin, founder and commander of Wagner, was photographed with Nazi tattoos including references to the Waffen SS and Reichsadler Eagle. In Libya, graffiti left by Wagner fighters in Tripoli included Nazi and white supremacist imagery. This included Swastikas, SS, and 14/88, a reference to the white supremacist slogan 14 words, and 88 referring to a Heil Hitler chant.[207] In Syria, a Wagner affiliated Telegram channel posted an image of a swastika on a cliffside.[208]
Within Wagner, an affiliated neo-nazi paramilitary group called Rusich also espouses extremist ideological views and allegedly has connections with white supremacist organizations. On Telegram and Vkontakte, a Russian social media website, posts on Rusich channels include usage of the Slavic swastika, or kolovrat, as well as links to extremist organizations such as the Russian Imperial Movement and Russian National Unity.[209] These linkages suggest at least some degree of commonality between Wagner members and known extremist organizations in Russia. Wagner includes recruits from several countries, including Russia, Belarus, and Serbia. These recruits share Pro-Russian and Pro-Putin sentiment and view themselves as acting on behalf of the Russian state.[210]
There are no recorded political activities for this group, though it has provided security services for several governments facing domestic political backlash. In Russia, Prigozhin acquired significant political prominence due to the Wagner Group’s role in the invasion of Ukraine and his prolific public criticism of the Russian military establishment.
Wagner is used by the Kremlin to conduct a variety of operations including disinformation, site protection, covert action such as assassinations, direct combat operations, mining operations, and military and security training.[211] Wagner personnel are more exposed, act without the support of broader military assets, and have a much narrower range of security and paramilitary capabilities than regular military units.[212]
In the context of the ongoing war in Ukraine, Wagner’s casualty rate is much higher than other PMCs largely because Wagner takes on the more dangerous missions and postings. It often attacks in the first wave of an offensive.[213] In October 2022, Ukrainian forces reported that Wagner uses its operatives in increasingly expendable ways. For example, in Bakhmut, Wagner troops were sent as “single use soldiers” to provoke a response from Ukrainians to make it easier for Russian artillery to target them.[214] A prior member of the Wagner group stated in an interview that the mercenaries do not complete a full length training course before being used as assault forces.[215]
According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project in September 2022, Wagner has engaged in extensive violence against civilian populations, particularly in the Central African Republic (CAR) and Mali, far exceeding the rate of civilian harm inflicted by state authorities or major insurgent groups in both countries. [216] In CAR, Wagner operated separately from state forces in at least half of violent events between May 2021 and July 2022. In Mali, Wagner operated largely alongside state forces, which was associated with increasing targeting of civilians by the government. [217] In CAR, much of Wagner’s operations target gold and diamond mining sites. Oftentimes, these attacks include assaults on villages in which civilians are killed. Wagner also has a pattern of using mines and booby traps in Libya.[218]
Wagner has employed disinformation tactics in support of governments and to portray itself in a positive light in Sudan, CAR, and Mali. For example, in Sudan, pro-democracy protests against the government were portrayed as anti-Islamic by Wagner information warfare operations. Also in Sudan, a combination of Twitter and Telegram accounts posted content denying any Wagner connection to Sudan and accusing neighboring countries of meddling. These accounts also blamed the United States for starting the fighting between rival Sudanese generals in order to deny Russia a Red Sea naval base in Port Sudan.[219] In Mali, the Foundation for National Values Protection, an affiliated company of Wagner under Prigozhin’s oversight, claimed polls showed 87% of Malians supported Wagner’s relationship with the Malian government.[220]
Wager also uses social media for recruitment. [221] For example, in 2022-2023 Wagner posted a series of ads on Facebook and Twitter under disguised accounts. An estimated 120,000 people viewed the ads over several months. Sixty posts in over a dozen languages advertised salaries of almost 3,000 USD per month for a variety of positions ranging from combat roles to IT and medical. The ads were the exact templates of advertisement used under known Wagner accounts on VK, and some used the Wagner PMC patch.[222]
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization's history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
- 2014: Wagner assisted Russia during its annexation of Crimea in 2014. [223]
- 2015: Russian PMCs, including Wagner, sent mercenaries into the Donbas to support pro-Russian separatist forces. Wagner fought in the battle of Debaltseve in 2015, which helped consolidate separatist control in the Donbas.[224]
- 2016: Wagner played a crucial role in the recapture of Palmyra from the Islamic State for pro-Assad forces.[225]
- February 2018: Wagner Group operatives led an assault of pro-Syrian government forces on an oil field in Deir al-Zour Province held by the Syrian Democratic Forces. A combined force of American Special Forces, Army Rangers, U.S. Marines, and affiliated Syrian rebels repulsed the attack. Between 200-300 of the attackers were killed, including an estimated 100 Wagner personnel.[226]
- May 2019-May 2020: Wagner deployed between 1,000 and 1,500 operatives to support Khalifa Haftar’s Western Libya Offensive, attempting to capture Tripoli in the Second Libyan Civil War. The offensive continued over roughly one year, before Turkish military support arrived to help the Tripoli defenders drive back Haftar’s forces, including Wagner. Wagner fighters played a major role in driving the offensive forward. Wagner fighters withdrew from frontline fighting following the intervention by Turkish forces on behalf of the Tripoli defense. Haftar’s territorial holdings around Tripoli lost significant territory after this withdrawal, demonstrating the critical role Wagner played in the fighting.[227]
- January 2022: Wagner operatives attacked and occupied Aigbando, a gold mining town in CAR. Hundreds of townspeople fled and dozens were killed. The French ambassador to the UN claimed Wagner laid mines around the town to prevent an outside investigation of the attack.[228]
- February-March 2022: The U.K. government claimed Wagner operatives were sent by the Kremlin to assassinate Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky as part of the Russian invasion.[229] Wagner allegedly attempted to assassinate Zelensky twice, and flew more than 400 fighters from the Central African Republic to carry out the mission.[230]
- March 2022: Russian forces assisted by Wagner, alongside the Malian military. executed 300 civilians in Moura, in central Mali. This marked the single deadliest attack against civilians in Mali in the ongoing conflict.[231]
- March 2022: Russian armed forces executed Ukrainian civilians in the village of Bucha. German intelligence officials intercepted communications in which Russian military members discussed the massacre. German Intelligence claimed the same recordings provided evidence of Wagner’s involvement.[232]
- May 2022: In May 2022, Wagner assisted the Russian offensive in Ukraine by breaking through Ukrainian positions near Popasna, creating a gap conventional forces could exploit and expand. Prigozhin was awarded the Hero of Russia medal, the highest Russian honor.[233]
- June 2022: On June 1, 2022, the first group of prisoners recruited by Wagner attacked Ukrainian forces around the Vugledar power plant. Forty Wagner fighters fought with knives in trenches defending the plant.[234]
- July 2022: Wagner forces captured the Vuhlehirsk power station. The attack is notable as an early example of Russian state media openly crediting Wagner with the attack.[235]
- July 2022: An explosion killed 50 captured Ukrainian prisoners of war, many from the Azov Regiment, in a prison in Russian occupied Ukraine. Various international observers blame the Wagner group for the attack and attempt to blame it on Ukrainian forces.[236]
- May 2022 to May 2023: Wagner spearheaded the Russian assault on Bakhmut. [237]
- June 2023: Prigozhin led a column of Wagner fighters from Ukraine to march toward Moscow, temporarily occupying Rostov-on-Don. An estimated 15 Russian military personnel were killed during the march when Wagner shot down several Russian aircraft. Prigozhin called off the march after a deal was struck between him and Putin by Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko.[238]
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Several waves of sanctions have targeted the Wagner Group, Prigozhin, and his broader corporate empire.
Most recently, in May 2023, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Ivan Aleksandrovich Maslov, the head of the Wagner Group’s operations in Mali.[239] Due to Prigozhin’s role in election interference in the U.S. 2016 presidential election, the U.S. government sanctioned a variety of individuals and groups tied to Prigozhin, including the Wagner Group.[240] In 2018, the United States issued a federal arrest warrant for Prigozhin alleging fraud over attempting to influence the U.S. political system from 2014-2018, including the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election.[241]
In 2020 and 2021, the U.S. Treasury Department announced another set of sanctions against Prigozhin, his companies, and associates. These sanctions targeted front companies accused of attempting to conceal the transport of aircraft components, financiers of the Internet Research Agency, and facilitators and companies tied to mining operations in Africa.[242]
The European Union announced sanctions targeting the Wagner Group in 2021. This included a travel ban and asset freeze on the individuals listed. The EU cited violence against civilians, natural resource exploitation, and human rights abuses in Ukraine, Syria, and Libya, as the reason for sanctions.Those sanctioned, in addition to the Wagner Group itself, include Andrey Nikolaevich, Chief of Staff and Executive Director of the Wagner Group, Aleksandr Sergeevich and Andrey Mikhailovich, heads of reconnaissance elements, Valery Zakharov, advisor to the President of CAR on behalf of Wagner, Stanislav Dychko and Stanislav Evgenievitch, Wagner members accused of human rights abuses, Sergey Shcherbakov, a Wagner fighter, and Dmitry Utkin. The organizations listed included Evro Polis, Mercury LLC, and Velada LLC, all front or natural resource companies through which Wagner was paid in Syria.[243]
France’s National Assembly voted to designate the Wagner Group a terrorist organization on May 9, 2023. The resolution was non-binding and carried no specific legal consequences beyond calling on the EU to register Wagner as a terrorist group.[244]
Due to Wagner’s covert nature for most of its existence, community engagement efforts have been rare. Since Wagner became more public facing in an effort to enhance recruitment, Wagner began openly posting advertisements on billboards in Russia and on some online platforms including Telegram, Vkontakte, and TikTok.[245]
Russian Imperial Movement: Some evidence suggests indirect ties between Wagner and the Russian Imperial Movement, primarily through Task Force Rusich, which was formed by two individuals who trained with RIM. Task Force Rusich is a neo-nazi paramilitary group which formed to support pro-Russian separatists in the Donbas in 2015. Rusich operates as a subunit of Wagner.[246] In addition, members of Rusich allegedly fought with Wagner in Palmyra, Syria, at an unknown time.[247]
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps: Wagner acquired Iranian drones for combat operations in Ukraine through the IRGC to support Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022.[248]
Azov Movement: The Azov Movement is a network of political and paramilitary organizations in Ukraine, including the Azov Regiment, which fought in Mariupol from March to May 2022. Since the Azov Movement fights on the Ukrainian side, it is an adversary of the Wagner Group. After several hundred Azov Regiment fighters were taken prisoner by Russian forces during the summer of 2022, a blast detonated in their holding facility, killing at least 53 and over 70.[249]
The Wagner Group is an instrument of Russian security services and the Russian state as a whole. In Russia, oligarch control blurs the line between state and private interests, making it difficult to determine the extent of Russian government involvement in or oversight of the Wagner Group. However, it is clear that – until at least June 2023 – the group’s operations have consistently served the interests of the Russian government.[250] The U.S. Treasury Department defines Wagner as “a designated Russian Ministry of Defense proxy force.”[251]
Media reports have also suggested close connections between Wagner and the Russian intelligence services. For example, as noted above, the founder and commander of Wagner is allegedly Dmitry Utkin, a former Brigade Commander in the GRU.[252] Wagner’s training facilities are housed at Russian special forces bases in Krasnodar.[253] Social media analysis of Islamic State sources show Wagner has used weaponry exclusively available to the GRU in Syria.[254]
In June of 2023 Putin claimed the Kremlin fully paid for Wagner’s operations, totalling an estimated $1 billion of financial support.[255] Prigozhin is the owner and financier of Wagner, as well as the extensive corporate network of front and shell companies masking Wagner’s global operations. International contracts with partner governments in the Middle East and Africa have likely become the major source of Wagner’s revenue, in addition to an unknown amount they are paid from the Russian Defense Ministry directly.[256] Prigozhin’s control, and by extension the Russian government’s control, of Wagner was publicly confirmed in 2022.[257]
Organizations like Wagner may be a useful proxy force for the Russian government for several reasons. Using Wagner provides deniability to the Kremlin, allowing the Russian government to distance itself from Wagner’s actions and claim that it does not have a presence in a given location. Casualties amongst Wagner ranks are easier to conceal and less politically costly to the Russian state than casualties among conventional military forces. As a nominally private company, Wagner is much more mobile than official military units. Contractors are also significantly cheaper than supporting the logistical and operational costs of maintaining conventional military operations. However, the ability of Wagner to operate in distant theaters without direct support also means that Wagner personnel are more exposed and vulnerable to external threats.[258]
In late June 2023, Prigozhin began marching Wagner personnel towards Moscow. While there is limited information on Prigozhin’s motivations and intentions, the march was spurred in part by an attempt by the Ministry of Defense to absorb operational control of Wagner. Prigozhin called the march off after a deal was brokered between him and Putin by Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko. Part of this deal included an option for Wagner fighters to sign new contracts with the Ministry of Defense.[259] On June 30, 2023, Russian military officials stated Wagner would no longer be receiving state funding, nor would the group continue fighting in Ukraine.[260] In September 2023, reports emerged of some Wagner personnel returning to fight in Ukraine from Belarus. News outlets reported an estimated 500 fighters moved from Belarus to Ukraine.[261]
The Russian state faces a complicated dilemma in how to deal with Wagner post Prigozhin. Placing Wagner under direct command of the Russian government would require massive costs due to the complexity and expansiveness of Prigozhin’s corporate network. Much of Wagner’s international influence depended on Prigozhin’s personal relationships he built with national leaders. If someone is appointed as his direct replacement, they will likely not be able to simply walk back into the same relationships Prigozhin had. The Russian Ministry of Defense reportedly is attempting to exert direct influence over Wagner operations and assets in the Middle East and North Africa. Some elements may fit more neatly under Kremlin control than others, for example the disinformation and social media enterprises could fit neatly into existing Russian intelligence operations. Wagner’s operations in CAR span various industries including gold, timber and breweries. These assets and the use of them in the context of Wagner’s smuggling and illicit finance operations may not transfer effectively under direct military control. It is possible a new semi-state run version of Wagner will continue to operate due to the value of the organization to the Kremlin’s international influence and the methods of regime financing it offers.[262]
[1] U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, Russian Private Military Companies, by Andrew Bowen, IF11650. 2020. Shukla, Sebastian, and Anna Chernova. “Putin's 'Chef' Prigozhin Admits Creating Wagner Mercenary Outfit in 2014.” CNN. Cable News Network, September 26, 2022. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/26/europe/yevgeny-prigozhin-wagner-russi....
[2] Gostev, Aleksandr, and Robert Coalson. “Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. December 19, 2016. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-paramilitary-mercenaries-emerge-from-the-shadows-syria-ukraine/28180321.html. “Band of Brothers: The Wagner Group and the Russian State.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. September 21, 2020. https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/band-brothers-wagner-group-a...
[3] Gostev, Aleksandr, and Robert Coalson. “Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. December 19, 2016.; Blostein, Denise, Jane Lytvynenko, Frank Matt, and Emma Scott. Shadow Men: Inside Wagner, Russia’s Secret War Company. The Wall Street Journal, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMXnJMCoFYI. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-paramilitary-mercenaries-emerge-from-the-....
[4] “What Is the Wagner Group, Russia's Mercenary Organization?: The Economist Explains.” The Economist. March 7, 2022. https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/03/07/what-is-the-.... “Putin's Mercenaries on Tour: Mapping the Wagner Group's Global Activities.” T-Intelligence. Wagner's Global Activities, September 28, 2021. https://t-intell.com/2021/09/28/putins-mercenaries-on-tour-mapping-the-wagner-groups-global-activities/.
[5] “Russia's Wagner Paramilitary Group Opens HQ in St Petersburg.” Euronews. Euronews, November 9, 2022. https://www.euronews.com/2022/11/04/russias-wagner-paramilitary-group-opens-first-official-hq-in-st-petersburg.
[6] “Wagner Group, Yevgeniy Prigozhin, and Russia's Disinformation in Africa - United States Department of State.” U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, May 24, 2022. https://www.state.gov/disarming-disinformation/wagner-group-yevgeniy-prigozhin-and-russias-disinformation-in-africa/.
[7] “What Is Russia’s Wagner Group of Mercenaries in Ukraine?” BBC News, June 12, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60947877.
[8] Johny, Stanly. “Wagner Group | Russia’s Shadowy Private Soldiers.” The Hindu. April 3, 2022. https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russias-shadowy-private-soldiers/article65282846.ece .
[9] Johny, Stanly. “Wagner Group | Russia’s Shadowy Private Soldiers.” The Hindu. April 3, 2022. https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russias-shadowy-private-soldiers/article65282846.ece; “CAR: Experts Alarmed by Government’s Use of ‘Russian Trainers’, Close Contacts with UN Peacekeepers.” United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. United Nations, March 31, 2021. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/03/car-experts-alarmed-governments-use-russian-trainers-close-contacts-un.
[10] Johny, Stanly. “Wagner Group | Russia’s Shadowy Private Soldiers.” The Hindu. April 3, 2022. https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russias-shadowy-private-soldiers/article65282846.ece.
[11] U.S. Congress Committee on Oversight and Reform, Hearings “Russia’s Use of the Wagner Group: Definitions, Strategic Objectives, and Accountability, 117th Congress, September 15, 2022. Testimony of Kimberly Martin, Professor, Columbia University.
[12] U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, Russian Private Military Companies, by Andrew Bowen, IF11650. 2020.
[13] Gostev, Aleksandr, and Robert Coalson. “Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. December 19, 2016. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-paramilitary-mercenaries-emerge-from-the-shadows-syria-ukraine/28180321.html.
[14] Gostev, Aleksandr, and Robert Coalson. “Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. December 19, 2016. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-paramilitary-mercenaries-emerge-from-the-shadows-syria-ukraine/28180321.html.
[15] Gostev, Aleksandr, and Robert Coalson. “Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. December 19, 2016. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-paramilitary-mercenaries-emerge-from-the-shadows-syria-ukraine/28180321.html.
[16] U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, Russian Private Military Companies, by Andrew Bowen, IF11650. 2020.
[17] Gostev, Aleksandr, and Robert Coalson. “Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. December 19, 2016. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-paramilitary-mercenaries-emerge-from-the-... U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, Russian Private Military Companies, by Andrew Bowen, IF11650. 2020.
[18] U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, Russian Private Military Companies, by Andrew Bowen, IF11650. 2020.
[19] Ponomarenko, Illia. “SBU Says Russia’s Wagner Mercenaries Involved in Donbas War.” Kyiv Post. October 7, 2017. https://www.kyivpost.com/post/7950.
[20] U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, Russian Private Military Companies, by Andrew Bowen, IF11650. 2020.
[21] Sukhankin, Sergey. “Russian PMCs in the Syrian Civil War: From Slavonic Corps to Wagner Group and Beyond.” Jamestown Foundation. December 18, 2019. https://jamestown.org/program/russian-pmcs-in-the-syrian-civil-war-from-slavonic-corps-to-wagner-group-and-beyond/
[22] “Putin's Mercenaries on Tour: Mapping the Wagner Group's Global Activities.” T-Intelligence. September 28, 2021. https://t-intell.com/2021/09/28/putins-mercenaries-on-tour-mapping-the-wagner-groups-global-activities/ ; “'Wagner Group': the mercenaries serving Putin in Syria.” France24. March 22, 2018. https://www.france24.com/en/20180322-wagner-group-mercenaries-serving-putin-syria
[23] Al-Mashareq. “Russia Exploits Syrian Territory to Advance Its Military Involvement in Libya.” Diyaruna. USCENTCOM, February 8, 2021. https://diyaruna.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_di/features/2021/02/08/feature-01.; Rondeaux, Candace. “Forward Operations: From Deir Ezzor to Donbas and Back Again.” Decoding the Wagner Group: Analyzing the Role of Private Military Security Contractors in Russian Proxy Warfare. New America, 2019. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19981.8.
[24] Gostev, Aleksandr, and Robert Coalson. “Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, December 19, 2016. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-paramilitary-mercenaries-emerge-from-the-....
[25] Gostev, Aleksandr, and Robert Coalson. “Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. December 19, 2016. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-paramilitary-mercenaries-emerge-from-the-....
[26] Blostein, Denise, Jane Lytvynenko, Frank Matt, and Emma Scott. Shadow Men: Inside Wagner, Russia’s Secret War Company. The Wall Street Journal, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMXnJMCoFYI.
[27] Vasilyeva, Nataliya. “Thousands of Russian Private Contractors Fighting in Syria.” AP NEWS. Associated Press, December 12, 2017. https://apnews.com/article/7f9e63cb14a54dfa9148b6430d89e873.
[28] Waters, Gregory. “Isis Beats Back Wagner Offensive in Central Syria.” Middle East Institute, June 27, 2023. https://www.mei.edu/publications/isis-beats-back-wagner-offensive-centra....
[29] Analyst. “Putin's Mercenaries on Tour: Mapping the Wagner Group's Global Activities.” T-Intelligence. Wagner's Global Activities, September 28, 2021.https://t-intell.com/2021/09/28/putins-mercenaries-on-tour-mapping-the-wagner-groups-global-activities/.; Ladd Serwat, Héni Nsaibia. “Wagner Group Operations in Africa: Civilian Targeting Trends in the Central African Republic and Mali.” ACLED. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, September 1, 2022. https://acleddata.com/2022/08/30/wagner-group-operations-in-africa-civilian-targeting-trends-in-the-central-african-republic-and-mali/.
[30] Urban, Madison. “The Wagner Group: Paramilitary Terrorism.” FDD. October 12, 2022. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2022/09/29/wagner-group-paramilitary-terrorism/.
[31] Ladd Serwat, Héni Nsaibia. “Wagner Group Operations in Africa: Civilian Targeting Trends in the Central African Republic and Mali.” ACLED. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, September 1, 2022. https://acleddata.com/2022/08/30/wagner-group-operations-in-africa-civilian-targeting-trends-in-the-central-african-republic-and-mali/.
[32] Analyst. “Putin's Mercenaries on Tour: Mapping the Wagner Group's Global Activities.” T-Intelligence. Wagner's Global Activities, September 28, 2021. https://t-intell.com/2021/09/28/putins-mercenaries-on-tour-mapping-the-wagner-groups-global-activities/.
[33] United Nations Security Council. “Letter dated 8 March 2021 from the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council.” S/2021/229. March 8, 2021.
[34] Barabanov, Ilya, and Nader Ibrahim. “Wagner: Scale of Russian mercenary mission in Libya exposed.” BBC. August 11, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58009514
[35] United Nations Security Council. “Letter dated 8 March 2021 from the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council.” S/2021/229. March 8, 2021.
[36] “The Abu Dhabi Express.” New America. Accessed December 1, 2022. https://www.newamerica.org/future-frontlines/reports/the-abu-dhabi-expre....
[37] “Libya: Russia’s Wagner Group Set Landmines Near Tripoli.” Human Rights Watch. May 31, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/05/31/libya-russias-wagner-group-set-landmines-near-tripoli
[38] Analyst. “Putin's Mercenaries on Tour: Mapping the Wagner Group's Global Activities.” T-Intelligence. Wagner's Global Activities, September 28, 2021. https://t-intell.com/2021/09/28/putins-mercenaries-on-tour-mapping-the-wagner-groups-global-activities/.; Al-Mashareq. “Russia Exploits Syrian Territory to Advance Its Military Involvement in Libya.” Diyaruna. USCENTCOM, February 8, 2021. https://diyaruna.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_di/features/2021/02/08/feature-01.
[39] Analyst. “Putin's Mercenaries on Tour: Mapping the Wagner Group's Global Activities.” T-Intelligence. Wagner's Global Activities, September 28, 2021. https://t-intell.com/2021/09/28/putins-mercenaries-on-tour-mapping-the-wagner-groups-global-activities/.
[40] Dolinina, Irina, Alesya Marohovska, Denis Korotkov, and Jakub Simak. “The Chef's Global Footprints.” OCCRP. December 17, 2019. https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/the-chefs-global-footprints.
[41] Analyst. “Putin's Mercenaries on Tour: Mapping the Wagner Group's Global Activities.” T-Intelligence. Wagner's Global Activities, September 28, 2021. https://t-intell.com/2021/09/28/putins-mercenaries-on-tour-mapping-the-wagner-groups-global-activities/.; U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Targets Financier’s Illicit Sanctions Evasion Activity.” July 15, 2020. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1058.
[42] Holmes, Richard, and Molly Blackall. “Russia’s Wagner Group Fighting in Sudan and Patrolling Evacuation Port as UK Citizens Flee.” Inews. April 28, 2023. https://inews.co.uk/news/russia-wagner-group-fighting-sudan-evacuation-p...
[43] Walsh, Declan. “‘From Russia With Love’: A Putin Ally Mines Gold and Plays Favorites in Sudan.” The New York Times. June 5, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/05/world/africa/wagner-russia-sudan-gold-putin.html?smid=tw-share.; “Exposing the Financial Network behind Hemedti's RSF in Sudan.” Global Witness. December 6, 2019. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/conflict-minerals/exposing-rs....
[44] Walsh, Declan. “‘From Russia With Love’: A Putin Ally Mines Gold and Plays Favorites in Sudan.” The New York Times. June 5, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/05/world/africa/wagner-russia-sudan-gold-putin.html?smid=tw-share
[45] Al Jazeera. “Sudan Crisis: What's next after One Week of Deadly Fighting?” Conflict News | April 22, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/22/sudan-crisis-whats-next-after-one-week-of-deadly-fighting.
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