Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
The Base prepares for the collapse of present-day society, to be replaced by a whites-only ethno-state in North America.[123] Like other white supremacist organizations, the Base adheres to anti-Semitic conspiracy theories that the U.S. government and Western society are secretly beholden to Jewish leaders.[124] The Base organizes itself into small armed cells, most spread across the United States, to promote its worldview through acts of violence.[125] In online discussions, members of the group have referred to the overthrow of the U.S. political system and ensuing race war as the “boogaloo.”[126] Some Base militants are content to merely prepare for an inevitable collapse of U.S. society, while others seek to bring it about themselves through terrorism.[127] Despite the Base’s use of the term “boogaloo,” there is no direct evidence to suggest an operational relationship between the Base and the loose movement of far-right extremists known as the “boogaloo bois.” Members of the Base and the boogaloo movement share some ideological goals, however, such as their anticipation of a new civil war in the United States, which each refer to as the boogaloo.
The Base fears that declining birthrates and increasing immigration from the Global South will diminish the U.S. white population. To preserve white dominance, Base leader Rinaldo Nazzaro has advocated separatism through the use of violence.[128] In particular, he aspires to the creation of a white homeland after the fall of the current political system. The Base eschews electoral politics and preaches guerilla warfare against the U.S. government.[129]
The Base draws on the tenets of James Mason’s SIEGE, a collection of white supremacist texts written in the 1980s that advocate triggering a race war for the protection of the interests of white people. The Base likely connected with Mason’s work via the Atomwaffen Division, another accelerationist U.S. neo-Nazi group that popularized SIEGE among the U.S. far right beginning in 2016 and 2017. In January 2020, three Base fighters plotted to attend a gun rights rally in Richmond, Virginia and spark a wave of violence in an effort to bring the U.S. economy to a halt.[130] The men were arrested by the FBI before carrying out this plan.[131]
The Base’s ideology is virulently anti-Semitic. The group idolizes Adolf Hitler and considers itself a successor to the German Nazi Party, pledging in a June 2018 tweet to “finish what [Hitler] started” and “carry the torch.”[132] In tweets, Nazzaro espoused conspiracy theories about Jewish control of U.S. society and pledged to free “our people from Z0G [sic] oppression.”[133] “Z0G” is a reference to “Zionist-occupied government,” a common white supremacist charge. Black Americans are also a common target of the Base’s vitriol; the Base’s internal online messages frequently threaten violence against Jews and Black people alike.
The Base’s objective of establishing a white ethno-state in the Pacific Northwest has deep roots in the history of U.S. right-wing extremism. The Northwest Front and the Aryan Nations, two white supremacist groups based in the western United States, inspired this campaign. U.S. neo-Nazi Harold Covington advocated the “Northwest Imperative” (also known as the “Northwest Territorial Imperative”), the idea that white Americans should build a new homeland in the Pacific Northwest and form clandestine cells to commit terrorist attacks against the United States.[134] To promote his philosophy, Covington founded the Northwest Front, a group that counted Base founder Rinaldo Nazzaro as a member.[135] He has cited Covington and the Northwest Front as inspiration for the Base on multiple occasions.[136]
The Base can be considered an ideological successor to the Aryan Nations (AN). AN was a far-right Christian Identity group with neo-Nazi affiliations based in Idaho, and it led the U.S. white supremacist movement in the 1970s and 1980s. Nazzaro has indicated an interest in the Butler Plan, the name for AN founder Richard Butler’s project to build a white ethno-state in the Pacific Northwest.[137] The Base’s logo may incorporate a rune commonly associated with the Nazis and also used by AN. As its logo, the Base uses a row of three runes, which appear to be symbols known as wolfsangels. The group has spray-painted it onto buildings.[138] An ancient German symbol, the wolfsangel was appropriated by units of the Nazi SS and later formed part of AN’s logo.[139] Other sources argue that the Base’s logo comprises three Eihwaz symbols, a sign adopted by the German Nazi Party to commemorate members killed in the beer hall uprising of 1923.[140]
In the spirit of the Northwest Front and AN, Nazzaro has taken steps to realize the group’s territorial ambitions. As early as April 2018, before founding the Base, he tweeted drone footage of a town in rural Ferry County, in northern Washington, with the message, “Terrain analysis, an integral part of the intelligence preparation of the battlefield.”[141] In December 2018, under the company “Base Global, LLC,” he purchased 30 acres of undeveloped land in Ferry County.[142] It appears that Nazzaro has not visited the property. Despite rumors of a planned training camp there, no evidence indicates that the Base has used the land for anything.[143]
At least some members of the Base adhere to Satanic beliefs. Satanism is popular among neo-Nazi groups, such as the Order of Nine Angles, the Atomwaffen Division (AWD), and some Atomwaffen Division affiliates. The Base is known to share members with AWD. Satanism does not appear to feature as prominently in the Base’s public output, which largely focuses on neo-Nazi themes, threats of societal collapse, and anti-Semitic hate speech. A testimonial written by an anonymous member reveals that a Georgia cell participated in an occult ritual involving the sacrifice of a stolen ram during a training weekend in October 2019.[144] In the group’s internal chats, members of the Base have discussed Satanic and pagan topics.[145]
A now-defunct affiliate of the Base, the Green Brigade, promoted an eco-fascist ideology. See the “Relationships with Other Groups” section of this profile for more information.
The Base rejects political participation and favors the use of violence to promote white supremacy. In September 2018, Nazzaro posted a tweet under his “Norman Spear” pseudonym stating that, “…if you want a *White* society, electoral politics can’t achieve that unless the current System of government is replaced. The current System can’t be replaced peacefully.”[146]
The Base’s ideology emphasizes anti-Semitic beliefs, and members of the group have frequently targeted Jews in propaganda and attacks. For example, a June 2019 video released by the group on the encrypted message app Telegram depicts a Base fighter firing a gun at a target featuring the Star of David.[147] In the Base’s most well-known successful operation, members of the group vandalized synagogues in Wisconsin and Michigan with Nazi imagery and the Base’s logo.[148] The campaign’s organizer, Richard Tobin, dubbed his effort “Operation Kristallnacht,” a reference to the night of violence and property destruction targeting Jews in Nazi Germany in 1938.[149] Tobin has also expressed animus towards African Americans and LGBT people. He once plotted to murder Black shoppers at a New Jersey mall with a machete, though he did not follow through with the attack.[150]
The Base also targets anti-fascist (commonly known as “antifa”) activists. In January 2020, the FBI arrested three Base members in Georgia for conspiring to murder a couple that served as leaders in the local antifa movement.[151] The plot was allegedly in retaliation for the intended victims’ having exposed the identities of white supremacists on the internet.[152] The intended victims were members of a group called Atlanta Antifascists and had no relation to the Base.[153] The Georgia Base cell plotted to shoot the activists and then burn down their house.[154]
Members of the Base have expressed an intention to target U.S. critical infrastructure, including railroads and water supplies.[155] The Base has also threatened to attack the power grid, as suggested by an online post featuring a Base fighter posing in front of an electric transformer while holding neo-Nazi literature.[156]
The Base has organized mostly online through encrypted messaging services such as Riot, Wire, and Gab, where members swap materials on guerilla warfare tactics and white supremacist ideological texts.[157] The Base has also enlisted members through iFunny, a platform for creating and sharing Internet memes that is popular among young users.[158] The group’s recruiters target teenagers and young adults for radicalization and vet prospective members’ personal background, ideological fealty, and weapons skills in encrypted conference calls.[159] The official membership age is 18, though the group is known to have admitted teenagers as young as 17.[160] Most members appear to be in their late teens or early 20s.[161] Offline, the Base has distributed posters in public places, often universities, to attract new members; the group’s literature has been found in Newark, Milwaukee, Princeton, Seattle, and Winnipeg.[162]
The Base prioritizes training in paramilitary and survival skills for its members. According to an analyst with the U.S.-based Counter Extremism Project, the Base focuses on developing proficiency in tactics necessary for terrorism and guerilla warfare, including ambushes, weapons skills, and exlosives.[163] The group hosts an online library of digital books and PDFs pertaining to terrorist tactics, gunsmithing, interrogation, counter-surveillance, bomb-making, ethnic cleansing, and neo-Nazi themes.[164]
The Base holds regular paramilitary training sessions known as “hate camps.” The events bring together online members for instruction in perpetrating violent acts.[165] The concept was pioneered by the Atomwaffen Division (AWD), a high-profile accelerationist white supremacist militant organization based in the United States.[166] As described in the “relationships with other groups” section of this profile, AWD reportedly enjoys close ties with the Base. Hate camps have occurred on a regular basis in locations across the United States. For example, the group held a session in northern Wisconsin in July 2019.[167] In October, Base militants congregated in Rome, Georgia, a town northwest of Atlanta, for training in tactical and firearms skills.[168] Patrik Mathews, a former Canadian soldier with experience in weapons and explosives from his military service, allegedly served as an instructor.[169] Nazzaro has described the training camps as a key goal of the Base. In 2018, Nazzaro spoke of the group’s commitment to training members on a podcast: ““[The Base] is focused on meeting and training… We want to build a cadre of trainers across the country.”[170] Nazzaro is known to have personally led at least one camp, which was held in rural Pennsylvania in August 2019.[171]
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization's history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
The Base has not successfully carried out any violent attacks in the United States, but the group is committed to using violence to achieve its objectives. Plots by group members to murder or harm targeted individuals have been foiled by law enforcement on multiple occasions. For example, the FBI arrested three Base members who were planning to murder a Georgia couple associated with the antifascist movement and burn down their house.[172] Additionally, the group has publicly made threats to carry out violence. [173]
In addition, group members have successfully committed acts of vandalism. The group’s most well-known operation was a multi-day campaign to deface synagogues in Wisconsin and Michigan.
September 21-22, 2019: Base member Richard Tobin, an 18-year-old based in New Jersey, organized a campaign of vandalism against Midwestern synagogues. Members of the Base’s “Great Lakes cell” defaced synagogues in Racine, Wisconsin and Hancock, Michigan with swastikas, anti-Semitic language, and the group’s logo.[174]
October 30, 2019: Two young Swedish men with ties to the Base and the Green Brigade, a Base-affiliated eco-fascist group, burned down several buildings on a mink farm in rural Sweden in what authorities describe as arson (no casualties).[175]
The Canadian Department of Public Safety designated the Base as a terrorist entity in February 2021.[176] There are no other designations or listings for this group.
The Base largely eschews appeals to the community. Instead, the group operates covertly and focuses on recruiting small numbers of fighters to join its cells or commit lone wolf-style attacks on their own.[177] On a far-right podcast in 2018, Nazarro stated that “we don’t need to convert or transform every weak-willed white person into a great Aryan warrior in order for us to win […] We just need to unite the best of us who are willing to fight to do what’s necessary.”[178]
Atomwaffen Division
The Base has cultivated close ties with the Atomwaffen Division (AWD, known as the National Socialist Order or NSO after July 2020), an accelerationist neo-Nazi white supremacist organization active in the United States. Like the Base, AWD/NSO promotes an anti-Semitic accelerationist ideology and aims to trigger the collapse of society in order to protect the white race.[179] The Base has taken ideological cues from AWD. For example, the Base began valorizing James Mason’s ideological text SIEGE, written in the 1980s, after AWD introduced it to the contemporary generation of white supremacists.[180] The Base has also modeled its propaganda and graphics after AWD’s output.[181] Similar to AWD, at least some members of the Base adhere to Satanic beliefs.[182]
In August 2019, AWD posted an image on one of its Telegram channels with the caption: “Let this post commemorate a known partnership and cooperation between Atomwaffen and the Base.”[183] According to the Soufan Center, AWD coordinates with the Base in participating in rallies and planning acts of violence.[184] Additionally, the membership of the two groups overlaps.[185] For example, Cameron Shea is accused by federal authorities of serving as a recruiter for both AWD and the Base.[186] In another high-profile example, Richard Tobin, a member of both organizations, developed propaganda and fundraised for AWD while also coordinating a vandalism campaign against synagogues in Michigan and Wisconsin for the Base in 2019.[187] Tobin reportedly acted as a middleman and worked to increase people-to-people contacts between the two groups.[188]
Green Brigade
The Green Brigade was an eco-fascist affiliate of the Base with international membership that became defunct after the wave of FBI arrests of U.S. members of the Base in early 2020. At the intersection of environmentalism and white supremacy, eco-fascism is a far-right ideology that blames environmental degradation on overpopulation, multiculturalism, and immigration. Many eco-fascists promote population control (including eugenics) and forced deportations in order to preserve the purity of the Earth for white people.[189]
The Green Brigade became an affiliate of the Base after previously operating as an independent militant organization.[190] The group was established in 2019 and was aligned with the Base by October of that year.[191] The Green Brigade’s founder(s) and leadership are unclear. The group began on Discord, an encrypted internet messaging platform, and was open to eco-terrorists of all ideologies, including socialists, anarchists, and fascists, according to a former member interviewed by Vice News.[192] Most members were from the United States but some were international.[193] As more neo-Nazis increasingly joined the Green Brigade, the group’s leadership decided to align with the Base ideologically and hoped to partner with the Base in recruiting.[194] The Green Brigade’s pivot to neo-Nazism reportedly led many of its original members to leave the group.[195]
On October 30, 2019, Alexander Holmberg and Zeke Blomquist, Swedish members of both the Base and the Green Brigade, burned down several buildings on a mink farm in rural Sweden.[196] The Green Brigade claimed responsibility for the arson in a video posted on iFunny, a meme-sharing website frequently used by right-wing extremists.[197] The Green Brigade has no other known attacks. The group went defunct following U.S. law enforcement’s crackdown on the Base in early 2020.[198]
Northwest Front
The Northwest Front preceded the Base and inspired its ideology. U.S. neo-Nazi Harold Covington founded the group in 2009. The Northwest Front seeks to bring about the destruction of the U.S. government and establish an independent state for white supremacists in the Pacific Northwest.[199] Accurate size estimates for this group are not readily available.[200] In the early 1970s, Covington joined the U.S. Army and later lived in South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) when both countries were governed by racist white-rule regimes.[201] After Covington’s death in 2018, the Southern Poverty Law Center assessed that the group was likely to become defunct.[202] As of 2019, the group maintains a presence on the internet but is thought to have few followers.[203]
Prior to founding the Base, Rinaldo Nazzaro was a member of the Northwest Front. In a December 2017 far-right podcast, Nazzaro (under the pseudonym “Norman Spear”) was identified as an activist with the Northwest Front and discussed on air the group’s plan to establish a whites-only ethno-state.[204] In an investigation by the Guardian in early 2020, sources linked to the Northwest Front confirmed Nazzaro’s involvement with the group.[205] Nazzaro has credited the Northwest Front as crucial in his development as a leader of the U.S. white supremacist movement. Nazzaro said of his time with the Northwest Front: “a lightbulb just went on. Hey, this is it. And once that happened it’s like no turning back.”[206] Nazzaro again cited Covington’s influence in September 2018 on a far-right podcast.[207]
Proud Boys
The Base and Proud Boys are ideological rivals. Proud Boys members describe themselves as “Western chauvinists” and are known for white supremacist, misogynistic, and anti-Muslim rhetoric.[208] The Proud Boys resist the neo-Nazi label and its connotations, however, and prefer to portray themselves as less extreme.[209] In contrast, the Base is a self-avowed neo-Nazi organization. The Base’s militants reportedly view the Proud Boys as ideologically weak and insufficiently committed to the white supremacist cause.[210] Attracted by the Base’s overt anti-Semitism, Jason Lee Van Dyke, a Texas lawyer who briefly led Proud Boys in 2018, attempted to join the Base in 2019.[211] The Base’s leaders, considering Van Dyke a “huge liability” and unable to be trusted, rejected him.
Four members of the Base are known to have affiliated with Proud Boys prior to joining the Base, including Yousef O. Barasneh, the militant who has been charged with vandalizing a Wisconsin synagogue in September 2019.[212] Dissatisfied with Proud Boys’ style of activism, they reportedly considered the Proud Boys organization insufficiently ideologically extreme and treated the organization as a gateway into the far right.[213] For the Base, Proud Boys did not go far enough in committing to Nazism and anti-Semitism. To some extent, the Base defines its ideology in relation to that of Proud Boys. The rivalry between the Base and Proud Boys is an ideological one, as members of the Base look down on Proud Boys for the group’s traditional unwillingness to unequivocally commit to far-right beliefs, neo-Nazism, and white supremacy. There is no evidence that the groups have physically clashed with each other.
There are no publicly available external influences for this group. Base leader Rinaldo Nazzaro moved to Russia in 2018, and his presence there has led to questions about ties to the Russian government.[214] A March 2019 video posted online depicts Nazzaro wearing a t-shirt displaying an image of Russian President Vladimir Putin and the words “Russia, absolute power.”[215] In November 2020, Nazzaro appeared on the Russian state-owned news channel Russia-24, where he denied claims of a link to Russian intelligence and defended the Base.[216] There is no evidence that the Russian government supports the Base.
[1] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[2] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Leader Said to Have Worked with U.S. Special Forces.” VICE News. September 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/k7qdzv/neo-nazi-terror-leader-said-to...
[3] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[4] Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[5] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[6] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[7] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[8] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[9] Wilson, Jason. “Prepping for a race war: documents reveal inner workings of neo-Nazi group.” The Guardian. January 25, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/25/inside-the-base-neo-nazi-t...
[10] De Simone, Daniel and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi militant group grooms teenagers.” BBC News. June 22, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53128169. Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[11] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[12] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[13] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[14] Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[15] Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[16] Carroll, Megan. “Investigation reveals that leader of neo-Nazi group 'The Base' owns land in Ferry County.” KREM. January 24, 2020. https://www.krem.com/article/news/local/the-base-leaders-owns-land-in-wa...
[17] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity.... De Simone, Daniel, Andrei Soshnikov, and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia.” BBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915. Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[18] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[19] Breen, Kerri and Andrew Russell. “Army reservist allegedly linked to neo-Nazi group reported missing.” Global News. August 28, 2019. https://globalnews.ca/news/5825442/patrik-mathews-missing-neo-nazi/
[20] Weill, Kelly. “Missing Canadian Bomb Expert With Neo-Nazi Ties May Be in U.S.” The Daily Beast. October 30, 2019. https://www.thedailybeast.com/patrik-mathews-missing-canadian-bomb-exper...
[21] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Police Warn that Accused Neo-Nazi Canadian Soldier Could Have Fled to U.S.” VICE News. September 6, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/ne8ejx/police-warn-that-accused-neo-nazi...
[22] Makuch, Ben, Mack Lamoureux, and Zachary Kamel. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group Harbouring Missing Ex-Soldier: Sources.” VICE News. December 5, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xwwaa/neo-nazi-terror-group-harbouring-...
[23] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[24] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Militant Neo-Nazi Group Actively Recruiting Ahead of Alleged Training Camp.” VICE News. August 16, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bjwx55/militant-neo-nazi-group-active...
[25] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[26] Makuch, Ben, Mack Lamoureux, and Zachary Kamel. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group Harbouring Missing Ex-Soldier: Sources.” VICE News. December 5, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xwwaa/neo-nazi-terror-group-harbouring-...
[27] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group the Base Discussed Training Pipeline to Ukraine War.” VICE News. October 15, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/jgqex8/neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-di...
[28] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group The Base Linked to the War in Ukraine.” VICE News. February 6, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3m3eg/neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-li...
[29] Redmon, Jeremy. “Prosecutor: Alleged Georgia white supremacists planned to kill others.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. February 23, 2020. https://www.ajc.com/news/breaking-news/prosecutor-alleged-georgia-white-...
[30] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group The Base Linked to the War in Ukraine.” VICE News. February 6, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3m3eg/neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-li...
[31] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group the Base Discussed Training Pipeline to Ukraine War.” VICE News. October 15, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/jgqex8/neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-di...
[32] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Man Arrested for Synagogue Vandalism Was Active in Two Militant Neo-Nazi Groups.” VICE News. November 20, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/
pa75jk/man-arrested-for-synagogue-vandalism-was-active-in-two-militant-neo-nazi-groups
[33] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Man Arrested for Synagogue Vandalism Was Active in Two Militant Neo-Nazi Groups.” VICE News. November 20, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/
pa75jk/man-arrested-for-synagogue-vandalism-was-active-in-two-militant-neo-nazi-groups
[34] Lofton, Justine. “Vandals paint Nazi swastikas on Northern Michigan synagogue.” Michiganlive.com. September 23, 2019. https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/09/vandals-paint-nazi-swastikas-on-north...
[35] Rogan, Adam. “Graffiti found on Racine synagogue; several anti-Semitic vandalism incidents reported nationwide over weekend.” The Journal Times. September 23, 2019. https://journaltimes.com/news
/local/crime-and-courts/graffiti-found-on-racine-synagogue-several-anti-semitic-vandalism-incidents-reported-nationwide-over-weekend/article_45092379-e7e4-5d6f-a62e-7dd91eb13836.html. Carson, Sophie. “Oak Creek man pleads guilty to Racine synagogue vandalism as part of neo-Nazi group's plot to target Jewish population.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. July 17, 2020. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/2020/07/17/racine-synagogue-va...
[36] Carson, Sophie. “Oak Creek man pleads guilty to Racine synagogue vandalism as part of neo-Nazi group's plot to target Jewish population.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. July 17, 2020. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/2020/07/17/racine-synagogue-va...
[37] Carson, Sophie. “Oak Creek man pleads guilty to Racine synagogue vandalism as part of neo-Nazi group's plot to target Jewish population.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. July 17, 2020. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/2020/07/17/racine-synagogue-va...
[38] Weill, Kelly and Spencer Ackerman. “Neo-Nazis Who Targeted Podcaster and Terrorized Random Family Busted in MI: Cops.” The Daily Beast. October 29, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/white-supremacist-group-the-base-members-b.... Snell, Robert and Beth LeBlanc. “FBI arrests white supremacy leader in extremism crackdown in Michigan.” The Detroit News. October 29, 2020. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/10/29/fbi-arr...
[39] Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas. “F.B.I. Arrests Michigan Men Tied to White Supremacist Group.” The New York Times. October 29, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/us/fbi-arrests-the-base-michigan.html
[40] Kamel, Zachary, Mack Lamoureux, and Ben Makuch. “'Eco-fascist' Arm of Neo-Nazi Terror Group, The Base, Linked to Swedish Arson.” VICE News. January 29, 2020. https://www.vice.com
/en/article/qjdvzx/eco-fascist-arm-of-neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-linked-to-swedish-arson. Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “Alleged Eco-Terrorists Discussed Abortion Clinic Bombing, Assassinating Judge: Court Documents.” VICE News. December 14, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article
/g5bjqm/alleged-eco-terrorists-discussed-abortion-clinic-bombing-assassinating-judge-court-documents
[41] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “Alleged Eco-Terrorists Discussed Abortion Clinic Bombing, Assassinating Judge: Court Documents.” VICE News. December 14, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5bjqm/alleged-eco-terrorists-discussed-...
[42] Kamel, Zachary, Mack Lamoureux, and Ben Makuch. “'Eco-fascist' Arm of Neo-Nazi Terror Group, The Base, Linked to Swedish Arson.” VICE News. January 29, 2020. https://www.vice.com
/en/article/qjdvzx/eco-fascist-arm-of-neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-linked-to-swedish-arson.
[43] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[44] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[45] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[46] Carson, Sophie. “Oak Creek man pleads guilty to Racine synagogue vandalism as part of neo-Nazi group's plot to target Jewish population.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. July 17, 2020. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/2020/07/17/racine-synagogue-va...
[47] Roebuck, Jeremy. “South Jersey man accused in synagogue vandalisms, revealing dark network of neo-Nazi organizing online.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 15, 2019. https://www.inquirer.com/news
/richard-tobin-synagogue-vandalism-the-base-white-supremacist-racine-wisconsin-hancock-michigan-20191115.html
[48] Brandt, Joe. “Judge denies bail to N.J. teen accused of inciting synagogue vandalism, plotting attack on African American shoppers.” NJ.com. December 9, 2019. https://www.nj.com/camden/2019/12/judge-denies-bail-to-nj-teen-accused-o...
[49] Williams, Timothy, Adam Goldman, and Neil MacFarquhar. “Virginia Capital on Edge as F.B.I. Arrests Suspected Neo-Nazis Before Gun Rally.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/us/fbi-arrest-virginia-gun-rally.html
[50] Williams, Timothy, Adam Goldman, and Neil MacFarquhar. “Virginia Capital on Edge as F.B.I. Arrests Suspected Neo-Nazis Before Gun Rally.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/us/fbi-arrest-virginia-gun-rally.html
[51] Hellgren, Mike. “Judge: Canadian Man Tied To Extremist Group Is ‘Very Dangerous.’” CBS Baltimore. January 22, 2020. https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2020/01/22/alleged-white-supremacists-bri...
[52] Duggan, Paul. “Alleged white supremacists planned deadly violence at Richmond gun rally, federal prosecutors say.” The Washington Post. January 21, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/alleged-white-suprema...
[53] Duggan, Paul. “Alleged white supremacists planned deadly violence at Richmond gun rally, federal prosecutors say.” The Washington Post. January 21, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/alleged-white-suprema...
[54] Duggan, Paul. “Alleged white supremacists planned deadly violence at Richmond gun rally, federal prosecutors say.” The Washington Post. January 21, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/alleged-white-suprema...
[55] Luthern, Ashley and Bruce Vielmetti. “Oak Creek man, alleged member of neo-Nazi group 'The Base,' charged with vandalizing Racine synagogue.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. January 17, 2020. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2020/01/17/alleged-member-neo-...
[56] Carson, Sophie. “Oak Creek man pleads guilty to Racine synagogue vandalism as part of neo-Nazi group's plot to target Jewish population.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. July 17, 2020. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/2020/07/17/racine-synagogue-va...
[57] Hawkins, Derek and Hannah Knowles. “Alleged members of white supremacy group ‘the Base’ charged with plotting to kill antifa couple.” January 18, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/01/18/the-base-whi...
[58] Bailey, John. “Update: Affidavit links former Canadian army extremist to local white nationalist group, target of murder plot was Bartow County couple.” Rome News-Tribune. January 17, 2020. https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/rome/news/local/update-affidavit-li...
[59] Lamoureux, Mack. “FBI Arrests Members of Neo-Nazi Cell Whose Plot to Murder Antifa Couple Was Foiled by a Bad Back.” VICE News. January 17, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/akwvpj/fbi-arrests-members-of-neo-naz...
[60] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity.... De Simone, Daniel, Andrei Soshnikov, and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia.” BBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915
[61] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[62] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[63] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[64] Lamoureux, Mack. “Neo-Nazis Are Using Eco-Fascism to Recruit Young People.” VICE News. September 25, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxqmey/neo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-cha...
[65] Weill, Kelly and Spencer Ackerman. “Neo-Nazis Who Targeted Podcaster and Terrorized Random Family Busted in MI: Cops.” The Daily Beast. October 29, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/white-supremacist-group-the-base-members-b...
[66] Weill, Kelly and Spencer Ackerman. “Neo-Nazis Who Targeted Podcaster and Terrorized Random Family Busted in MI: Cops.” The Daily Beast. October 29, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/white-supremacist-group-the-base-members-b...
[67] Nunn, Scott. “Establishing The Base in Michigan.” The Pioneer. November 16, 2020. https://www.bigrapidsnews.com/insider/article/Establishing-The-Base-in-B...
[68] Snell, Robert and Beth LeBlanc. “FBI arrests white supremacy leader in extremism crackdown in Michigan.” The Detroit News. October 29, 2020. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news
/local/michigan/2020/10/29/fbi-arrests-accused-neo-nazis-michigan-crackdown-extremism/6067038002/
[69] Snell, Robert. “Accused neo-Nazi leader had manifesto, wanted race war, prosecutors say.” The Detroit News. October 30, 2020. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/10/30/accused...
[70] Snell, Robert. “Accused neo-Nazi leader had manifesto, wanted race war, prosecutors say.” The Detroit News. October 30, 2020. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/10/30/accused...
[71] Rosman, Cyril. “Jonge rechts-extremisten opgepakt vanwege terreurverdenking, zijn lid van beruchte neo-nazigroep.” AD.nl. October 30, 2020. https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/jonge-rechts-extremisten-opgepakt-vanwege-t...
[72] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Leader on Russian TV: ‘I'm a Family Man.’” VICE News. November 5, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgzxzq/rinaldo-nazzaro-neo-nazi-terror-l...
[73] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Leader on Russian TV: ‘I'm a Family Man.’” VICE News. November 5, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgzxzq/rinaldo-nazzaro-neo-nazi-terror-l...
[74] “Government of Canada lists 13 new groups as terrorist entities and completes review of seven others.” Government of Canada. February 3, 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of...
[75] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Canada Designates Proud Boys, Atomwaffen, and The Base as Terror Organizations.” VICE News. February 3, 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3vkxy/canada-designates-proud-boys-atom...
[76] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[77] Bailey, John. “Update: Affidavit links former Canadian army extremist to local white nationalist group, target of murder plot was Bartow County couple.” Rome News-Tribune. January 17, 2020. https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/rome/news/local/update-affidavit-li...
[78] De Simone, Daniel and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi militant group grooms teenagers.” BBC News. June 22, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53128169
[79] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[80] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazis Are Organizing Secretive Paramilitary Training Across America.” VICE News. November 20, 2018. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/a3mexp/neo-nazis-are-organizing-secre...
[81] De Simone, Daniel, Andrei Soshnikov, and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia.” BBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915
[82] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity.... Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[83] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base. Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[84] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[85] De Simone, Daniel, Andrei Soshnikov, and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia.” BBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915
[86] Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[87] Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[88] De Simone, Daniel and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi militant group grooms teenagers.” BBC News. June 22, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53128169
[89] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Leader Said to Have Worked with U.S. Special Forces.” VICE News. September 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/k7qdzv/neo-nazi-terror-leader-said-to...
[90] De Simone, Daniel, Andrei Soshnikov, and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia.” BBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915
[91] De Simone, Daniel, Andrei Soshnikov, and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia.” BBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915
[92] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[93] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[94] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[95] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[96] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Leader on Russian TV: ‘I'm a Family Man.’” VICE News. November 5, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgzxzq/rinaldo-nazzaro-neo-nazi-terror-l...
[97] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Canada Designates Proud Boys, Atomwaffen, and The Base as Terror Organizations.” VICE News. February 3, 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3vkxy/canada-designates-proud-boys-atom...
[98] Weill, Kelly and Spencer Ackerman. “Neo-Nazis Who Targeted Podcaster and Terrorized Random Family Busted in MI: Cops.” The Daily Beast. October 29, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/white-supremacist-group-the-base-members-b...
[99] Weill, Kelly and Spencer Ackerman. “Neo-Nazis Who Targeted Podcaster and Terrorized Random Family Busted in MI: Cops.” The Daily Beast. October 29, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/white-supremacist-group-the-base-members-b...
[100] Weill, Kelly and Spencer Ackerman. “Neo-Nazis Who Targeted Podcaster and Terrorized Random Family Busted in MI: Cops.” The Daily Beast. October 29, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/white-supremacist-group-the-base-members-b...
[101] Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas. “F.B.I. Arrests Michigan Men Tied to White Supremacist Group.” The New York Times. October 29, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/us/fbi-arrests-the-base-michigan.html
[102] Snell, Robert and Beth LeBlanc. “FBI arrests white supremacy leader in extremism crackdown in Michigan.” The Detroit News. October 29, 2020. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news
/local/michigan/2020/10/29/fbi-arrests-accused-neo-nazis-michigan-crackdown-extremism/6067038002/
[103] Lamoureux, Mack. “FBI Arrests Members of Neo-Nazi Cell Whose Plot to Murder Antifa Couple Was Foiled by a Bad Back.” VICE News. January 17, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/akwvpj/fbi-arrests-members-of-neo-naz...
[104] Hawkins, Derek and Hannah Knowles. “Alleged members of white supremacy group ‘the Base’ charged with plotting to kill antifa couple.” January 18, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/01/18/the-base-whi...
[105] Bailey, John. “Update: Affidavit links former Canadian army extremist to local white nationalist group, target of murder plot was Bartow County couple.” Rome News-Tribune. January 17, 2020. https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/rome/news/local/update-affidavit-li...
[106] Williams, Timothy, Adam Goldman, and Neil MacFarquhar. “Virginia Capital on Edge as F.B.I. Arrests Suspected Neo-Nazis Before Gun Rally.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/us/fbi-arrest-virginia-gun-rally.html
[107] Williams, Timothy, Adam Goldman, and Neil MacFarquhar. “Virginia Capital on Edge as F.B.I. Arrests Suspected Neo-Nazis Before Gun Rally.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/us/fbi-arrest-virginia-gun-rally.html
[108] Makuch, Ben, Mack Lamoureux, and Zachary Kamel. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group Harbouring Missing Ex-Soldier: Sources.” VICE News. December 5, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xwwaa/neo-nazi-terror-group-harbouring-...
[109] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[110] Makuch, Ben, Mack Lamoureux, and Zachary Kamel. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group Harbouring Missing Ex-Soldier: Sources.” VICE News. December 5, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xwwaa/neo-nazi-terror-group-harbouring-...
[111] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[112] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[113] “The Base.” Counter Extremism Project. 2020. https://www.counterextremism.com/supremacy/base
[114] MacFarquhar, Neil and Adam Goldman. “A New Face of White Supremacy: Plots Expose Danger of the ‘Base.’” The New York Times. January 22, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/white-supremacy-the-base.html
[115] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[116] MacFarquhar, Neil and Adam Goldman. “A New Face of White Supremacy: Plots Expose Danger of the ‘Base.’” The New York Times. January 22, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/white-supremacy-the-base.html
[117] Makuch, Ben, Mack Lamoureux, and Zachary Kamel. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group Harbouring Missing Ex-Soldier: Sources.” VICE News. December 5, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xwwaa/neo-nazi-terror-group-harbouring-...
[118] Springer, Samantha. “Secret tapes show neo-Nazi group The Base recruiting former members of the military.” NBC News. October 15, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/secret-tapes-show-neo-nazi-group-ba...
[119] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[120] Rosman, Cyril. “Jonge rechts-extremisten opgepakt vanwege terreurverdenking, zijn lid van beruchte neo-nazigroep.” AD.nl. October 30, 2020. https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/jonge-rechts-extremisten-opgepakt-vanwege-t...
[121] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity.... De Simone, Daniel, Andrei Soshnikov, and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia.” BBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915. Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[122] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[123] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[124] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazis Are Organizing Secretive Paramilitary Training Across America.” VICE News. November 20, 2018. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/a3mexp/neo-nazis-are-organizing-secre...
[125] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[126] Hawkins, Derek and Hannah Knowles. “Alleged members of white supremacy group ‘the Base’ charged with plotting to kill antifa couple.” January 18, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/01/18/the-base-whi...
[127] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[128] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[129] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[130] Hellgren, Mike. “Judge: Canadian Man Tied To Extremist Group Is ‘Very Dangerous.’” CBS Baltimore. January 22, 2020. https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2020/01/22/alleged-white-supremacists-bri...
[131] Williams, Timothy, Adam Goldman, and Neil MacFarquhar. “Virginia Capital on Edge as F.B.I. Arrests Suspected Neo-Nazis Before Gun Rally.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/us/fbi-arrest-virginia-gun-rally.html
[132] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[133] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[134] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[135] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[136] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base. “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[137] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[138] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Man Arrested for Synagogue Vandalism Was Active in Two Militant Neo-Nazi Groups.” VICE News. November 20, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/
pa75jk/man-arrested-for-synagogue-vandalism-was-active-in-two-militant-neo-nazi-groups
[139] “Wolfsangel.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/wolfsangel
[140] “The Base.” Counter Extremism Project. 2020. https://www.counterextremism.com/supremacy/base
[141] Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-...
[142] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[143] Wallace, Benjamin. “The Prep School Nazi.” New York Magazine. March 30, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/rinaldo-nazzaro-the-base-norman-.... Carroll, Megan. “Investigation reveals that leader of neo-Nazi group 'The Base' owns land in Ferry County.” KREM. January 24, 2020. https://www.krem.com/article/news/local/the-base-leaders-owns-land-in-wa...
[144] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[145] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[146] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[147] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[148] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Man Arrested for Synagogue Vandalism Was Active in Two Militant Neo-Nazi Groups.” VICE News. November 20, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/
pa75jk/man-arrested-for-synagogue-vandalism-was-active-in-two-militant-neo-nazi-groups.
[149] MacFarquhar, Neil and Adam Goldman. “A New Face of White Supremacy: Plots Expose Danger of the ‘Base.’” The New York Times. January 22, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/white-supremacy-the-base.html.
[150] Roebuck, Jeremy. “South Jersey man accused in synagogue vandalisms, revealing dark network of neo-Nazi organizing online.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 15, 2019. https://www.inquirer.com/news
/richard-tobin-synagogue-vandalism-the-base-white-supremacist-racine-wisconsin-hancock-michigan-20191115.html
[151] Hawkins, Derek and Hannah Knowles. “Alleged members of white supremacy group ‘the Base’ charged with plotting to kill antifa couple.” January 18, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/01/18/the-base-whi...
[152] Lamoureux, Mack. “FBI Arrests Members of Neo-Nazi Cell Whose Plot to Murder Antifa Couple Was Foiled by a Bad Back.” VICE News. January 17, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/akwvpj/fbi-arrests-members-of-neo-naz...
[153] Bailey, John. “Update: Affidavit links former Canadian army extremist to local white nationalist group, target of murder plot was Bartow County couple.” Rome News-Tribune. January 17, 2020. https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/rome/news/local/update-affidavit-li...
[154] Lamoureux, Mack. “FBI Arrests Members of Neo-Nazi Cell Whose Plot to Murder Antifa Couple Was Foiled by a Bad Back.” VICE News. January 17, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/akwvpj/fbi-arrests-members-of-neo-naz...
[155] MacFarquhar, Neil and Adam Goldman. “A New Face of White Supremacy: Plots Expose Danger of the ‘Base.’” The New York Times. January 22, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/white-supremacy-the-base.html
[156] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Militant Neo-Nazi Group Actively Recruiting Ahead of Alleged Training Camp.” VICE News. August 16, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bjwx55/militant-neo-nazi-group-active...
[157] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[158] Lamoureux, Mack and Zachary Kamel. “Neo-Nazi Terror Groups Are Using iFunny to Recruit.” VICE News. November 14, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/vb5kx3/neo-nazi-terror-groups-are-usi...
[159] De Simone, Daniel and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi militant group grooms teenagers.” BBC News. June 22, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53128169
[160] Wilson, Jason. “Prepping for a race war: documents reveal inner workings of neo-Nazi group.” The Guardian. January 25, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/25/inside-the-base-neo-nazi-t...
[161] Wilson, Jason. “Prepping for a race war: documents reveal inner workings of neo-Nazi group.” The Guardian. January 25, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/25/inside-the-base-neo-nazi-t...
[162] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Militant Neo-Nazi Group Actively Recruiting Ahead of Alleged Training Camp.” VICE News. August 16, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bjwx55/militant-neo-nazi-group-active...
[163] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Militant Neo-Nazi Group Actively Recruiting Ahead of Alleged Training Camp.” VICE News. August 16, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bjwx55/militant-neo-nazi-group-active...
[164] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Militant Neo-Nazi Group Actively Recruiting Ahead of Alleged Training Camp.” VICE News. August 16, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bjwx55/militant-neo-nazi-group-active...
[165] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[166] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Militant Neo-Nazi Group Actively Recruiting Ahead of Alleged Training Camp.” VICE News. August 16, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bjwx55/militant-neo-nazi-group-active...
[167] Luthern, Ashley and Bruce Vielmetti. “Oak Creek man, alleged member of neo-Nazi group 'The Base,' charged with vandalizing Racine synagogue.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. January 17, 2020. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2020/01/17/alleged-member-neo-...
[168] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[169] Makuch, Ben, Mack Lamoureux, and Zachary Kamel. “Neo-Nazi Terror Group Harbouring Missing Ex-Soldier: Sources.” VICE News. December 5, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xwwaa/neo-nazi-terror-group-harbouring-...
[170] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazis Are Organizing Secretive Paramilitary Training Across America.” VICE News. November 20, 2018. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/a3mexp/neo-nazis-are-organizing-secre...
[171] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[172] Lamoureux, Mack. “FBI Arrests Members of Neo-Nazi Cell Whose Plot to Murder Antifa Couple Was Foiled by a Bad Back.” VICE News. January 17, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/akwvpj/fbi-arrests-members-of-neo-naz...
[173] Weill, Kelly and Spencer Ackerman. “Neo-Nazis Who Targeted Podcaster and Terrorized Random Family Busted in MI: Cops.” The Daily Beast. October 29, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/white-supremacist-group-the-base-members-b.... Snell, Robert and Beth LeBlanc. “FBI arrests white supremacy leader in extremism crackdown in Michigan.” The Detroit News. October 29, 2020. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/10/29/fbi-arr...
[174] Lamoureux, Mack and Ben Makuch. “Man Arrested for Synagogue Vandalism Was Active in Two Militant Neo-Nazi Groups.” VICE News. November 20, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/
pa75jk/man-arrested-for-synagogue-vandalism-was-active-in-two-militant-neo-nazi-groups. MacFarquhar, Neil and Adam Goldman. “A New Face of White Supremacy: Plots Expose Danger of the ‘Base.’” The New York Times. January 22, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/white-supremacy-the-base.html. Bandler, Aaron. “Anti-Semitic Graffiti Found on Wisconsin Synagogue.” Jewish Journal. September 25, 2019. https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/305037/anti-semitic-graffit.... Lofton, Justine. “Vandals paint Nazi swastikas on Northern Michigan synagogue.” Michiganlive.com. September 23, 2019. https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/09/vandals-paint-nazi-swastikas-on-north...
[175] Kamel, Zachary, Mack Lamoureux, and Ben Makuch. “'Eco-fascist' Arm of Neo-Nazi Terror Group, The Base, Linked to Swedish Arson.” VICE News. January 29, 2020. https://www.vice.com
/en/article/qjdvzx/eco-fascist-arm-of-neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-linked-to-swedish-arson. Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “Alleged Eco-Terrorists Discussed Abortion Clinic Bombing, Assassinating Judge: Court Documents.” VICE News. December 14, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article
/g5bjqm/alleged-eco-terrorists-discussed-abortion-clinic-bombing-assassinating-judge-court-documents
[176] “Government of Canada lists 13 new groups as terrorist entities and completes review of seven others.” Government of Canada. February 3, 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of...
[177] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[178] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazis Are Organizing Secretive Paramilitary Training Across America.” VICE News. November 20, 2018. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/a3mexp/neo-nazis-are-organizing-secre...
[179] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[180] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[181] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[182] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[183] Blazakis et al. “Special Report: The Atomwaffen Division: The Evolution of the White Supremacy Threat.” The Soufan Center. August 2020. https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Atomwaffen-Di...
[184] Blazakis et al. “Special Report: The Atomwaffen Division: The Evolution of the White Supremacy Threat.” The Soufan Center. August 2020. https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Atomwaffen-Di...
[185] Mallin, Alexander and Luke Barr. “Inside the neo-Nazi hate group 'The Base,' which is the center of an FBI investigation.” ABC News. January 23, 2020. https://abcnews.go.com/US/inside-neo-nazi-hate-group-base-center-%20fbi/...
[186] Winston, Ali. “This Deadly Neo-Nazi Group’s Media Obsession Could Be Its Downfall.” The Daily Beast. March 1, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/neo-nazi-group-atomwaffen-divisions-media-...
[187] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachery Kamel. “Man Arrested for Synagogue Vandalism Was Active in Two Militant Neo-Nazi Groups.” VICE News. November 20, 2019. https://www.vice.com
/en_ca/article/pa75jk/man-arrested-for-synagogue-vandalism-was-active-in-two-militant-neo-nazi-groups
[188] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachery Kamel. “Man Arrested for Synagogue Vandalism Was Active in Two Militant Neo-Nazi Groups.” VICE News. November 20, 2019. https://www.vice.com
/en_ca/article/pa75jk/man-arrested-for-synagogue-vandalism-was-active-in-two-militant-neo-nazi-groups
[189] Manavis, Sarah. “Eco-fascism: The ideology marrying environmentalism and white supremacy thriving online.” The New Statesman. September 21, 2018. https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/social-media/2018/09/eco-fasci...
[190] Kamel, Zachary, Mack Lamoureux, and Ben Makuch. “'Eco-fascist' Arm of Neo-Nazi Terror Group, The Base, Linked to Swedish Arson.” VICE News. January 29, 2020. https://www.vice.com
/en/article/qjdvzx/eco-fascist-arm-of-neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-linked-to-swedish-arson.
[191] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “Alleged Eco-Terrorists Discussed Abortion Clinic Bombing, Assassinating Judge: Court Documents.” VICE News. December 14, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5bjqm/alleged-eco-terrorists-discussed-...
[192] Lamoureux, Mack. “Neo-Nazis Are Using Eco-Fascism to Recruit Young People.” VICE News. September 25, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxqmey/neo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-cha...
[193] Lamoureux, Mack. “Neo-Nazis Are Using Eco-Fascism to Recruit Young People.” VICE News. September 25, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxqmey/neo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-cha...
[194] Lamoureux, Mack. “Neo-Nazis Are Using Eco-Fascism to Recruit Young People.” VICE News. September 25, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxqmey/neo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-cha...
[195] Lamoureux, Mack. “Neo-Nazis Are Using Eco-Fascism to Recruit Young People.” VICE News. September 25, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxqmey/neo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-cha...
[196] Kamel, Zachary, Mack Lamoureux, and Ben Makuch. “'Eco-fascist' Arm of Neo-Nazi Terror Group, The Base, Linked to Swedish Arson.” VICE News. January 29, 2020. https://www.vice.com
/en/article/qjdvzx/eco-fascist-arm-of-neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-linked-to-swedish-arson. Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “Alleged Eco-Terrorists Discussed Abortion Clinic Bombing, Assassinating Judge: Court Documents.” VICE News. December 14, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article
/g5bjqm/alleged-eco-terrorists-discussed-abortion-clinic-bombing-assassinating-judge-court-documents
[197] Kamel, Zachary, Mack Lamoureux, and Ben Makuch. “'Eco-fascist' Arm of Neo-Nazi Terror Group, The Base, Linked to Swedish Arson.” VICE News. January 29, 2020. https://www.vice.com
/en/article/qjdvzx/eco-fascist-arm-of-neo-nazi-terror-group-the-base-linked-to-swedish-arson.
[198] Lamoureux, Mack. “Neo-Nazis Are Using Eco-Fascism to Recruit Young People.” VICE News. September 25, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxqmey/neo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-cha...
[199] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[200] Casey, Michel. “Want to Meet America’s Worst Racists? Come to the Northwest.” POLITICO Magazine. July 7, 2015. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/northwest-front-americas...
[201] Casey, Michel. “Want to Meet America’s Worst Racists? Come to the Northwest.” POLITICO Magazine. July 7, 2015. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/northwest-front-americas...
[202] Lenz, Ryan. “Harold Covington, founder of white separatist group, dies at 64.” Southern Poverty Law Center. July 25, 2018. https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/07/25/harold-covington-founder-...
[203] “Northwest American Republic.” Anti-Defamation League. 2021. https://www.adl.org/education
/references/hate-symbols/northwest-american-republic
[204] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[205] Wilson, Jason. “Revealed: the true identity of the leader of an American neo-Nazi terror group.” The Guardian. January 23, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/revealed-the-true-identity...
[206] “The Base.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/base
[207] “The Base.” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/the-base
[208] “Proud Boys.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/proud-boys
[209] “Neo-Nazis Brag of Open Connections With Gavin’s ‘Proud Boys.’” It’s Going Down. May 18, 2017. https://itsgoingdown.org/neo-nazis-brag-open-connections-with-gavins-pro...
[210] Lamoureux, Mack, Ben Makuch, and Zachary Kamel. “How One Man Built a Neo-Nazi Insurgency in Trump's America.” VICE News. October 7, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7g9kb/how-one-man-built-a-neo-nazi-insu...
[211] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “A Proud Boys Lawyer Wanted to Be a Nazi Terrorist.” VICE News. December 8, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8xp4/a-proud-boys-lawyer-wanted-to-be-...
[212] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “For Some, Joining the Proud Boys Was a Stop on the Way to Neo-Nazi Terror.” VICE News. November 18, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjpb5q/for-some-joining-the-proud-boys-w...
[213] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “For Some, Joining the Proud Boys Was a Stop on the Way to Neo-Nazi Terror.” VICE News. November 18, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjpb5q/for-some-joining-the-proud-boys-w...
[214] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Memoir Describes Terror Group’s Acid-Soaked Ram Sacrifice.” VICE News. June 24, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/z3e3ew/neo-nazi-memoir-describes-terr...
[215] De Simone, Daniel, Andrei Soshnikov, and Ali Winston. “Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia.” BBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915
[216] Makuch, Ben and Mack Lamoureux. “Neo-Nazi Terror Leader on Russian TV: ‘I'm a Family Man.’” VICE News. November 5, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgzxzq/rinaldo-nazzaro-neo-nazi-terror-l...