Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
The group’s main goals are to unite Kashmir with Pakistan, ensure that Pakistan is ruled by Shariah law, and drive Western forces from Afghanistan. Its primary objective, however, remains to ‘liberate’ Kashmir from Indian control and integrate it into Pakistan. The group aims to achieve this primary goal by engaging with Indian forces, hoping for the eventual withdrawal of their forces from the region.[42]
It has publicly declared war on the United States and intends to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the subcontinent.[43] The group has also called for the destruction of India, Israel and the United States by waging jihad against the governments for violating the rights of Muslim people.[44]
JeM’s ideology closely follows that of AQ and the Taliban, and Azhar has publicly likened JeM’s goals to that of the organization Sipah-e-Sahaba.[45]
JeM allegedly has ties to Jamiat-I Ulema-I Islam Fazlur Rehman, an Islamist political party in Pakistan and Kashmir, but does not actively engage in politics.[46]
JeM primarily attacks Indian police forces and other government targets, including army bases, camps, and public places in Kashmir and India. The group has also targeted Christians and Shiites.[47] In addition to attacks on military bases and government buildings, the group also conducts attacks against individuals with political influence.[48]
In June 2008, JeM representatives allegedly attended a meeting of extremist organizations in Pakistan, where the attendees planned to refocus their collective efforts on expelling foreign actors from Afghanistan rather than on IAK and Pakistan.[49] Subsequently, JeM increased its targeting of the U.S. and U.S. coalition forces in Afghanistan, while reducing, but not stopping, its efforts against India, IAK, and the Pakistani government.[50]
In 2016, the group conducted a series of high-profile large attacks, with the intent of high publicity and high impact. Since then, the group has conducted smaller low-profile attacks against individuals with lower death tolls.
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization's history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
JeM often carries out small arms attacks against policemen that generally kill one or two, and security forces regularly carry out raids to kill and arrest JeM members.[51] JeM’s activity may have decreased after 2013, although complications in attribution and reporting make it difficult to be certain of the group’s current operational status.
April 19, 2000: A suicide car bomb exploded outside of the Indian Army’s 15 Corp headquarters in Badami Bagh, India. It was later discovered that the suicide bomber was a member of JeM. It was the first suicide militant attack in India (1 killed, 7 injured).[52]
December 11, 2000: Militants claiming to belong to JeM planted a mine in the main Srinagar-Baramulla highway in New Delhi, India. The militants activated the mine when a Border Security Force vehicle passed the area (1 killed, 8 injured).[53]
December 25, 2000: A car bomb exploded outside the Indian Army headquarters in IAK. Both Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen and JeM claimed responsibility for the attack (8 killed, 23 injured).[54]
October 01, 2001: JeM militants were responsible for a car bomb targeting the State Assembly building in Srinagar, India. The militants entered the building and engaged in a shootout with Indian Security Forces (31 killed, 6 injured).[55]
December 13, 2001: JeM gunmen stormed the Parliament building in Mumbai. No members of Parliament were killed, and all of the gunmen died in the attack (14 killed, 22+ killed).[56]
January 23, 2002: Wall Street Journal journalist Daniel Pearl was abducted by JeM members in Karachi, Pakistan, making international news. He was beheaded several weeks after his abduction (1 killed, 0 wounded).[57]
February 14, 2002: JeM was suspected of killing National Conference activist Abdul Hafeez Mirza. JeM had previously warned people against participating in the upcoming electoral process in Jammu and Kashmir (1 killed, 0 wounded).[58]
August 4, 2002: JeM gunmen attacked a convent school near Islamabad, and then a Christian hospital in the region a few days later (10 killed, 23+ wounded).[59]
December 25 2003: JeM was responsible for two suicide bombing attempts to assassinate Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf in Rawalpindi, Pakistan (1 killed, 0 wounded).[60]
May 30, 2006: A JeM grenade attack on a Human Rights Commission escort vehicle near the Iqbal Park area of Srinagar killed a police constable (1 killed, 6 wounded).[61]
September 26, 2013: JeM has remained active since 2013, but it has been difficult to attribute and verify attacks due to high levels of militant activity in the region. The most recent reliable information came from September 2013, when an army base in IAK was attacked in a truck bombing and subsequent raid by gunmen. The al-Shuda Brigade claimed responsibility, but authorities believed that JeM and Lashkar-e-Taiba colluded in the attack (7 killed, 3 wounded).[62]
January 2, 2016: Six heavily armed militant attacked the Pathankot Air Force Station in Punjab, India using AK-47 weapons and grenades. The attack resulted in a gunfight lasting well over 12 hours. Indian intelligence suggested that the attacks were conducted by JeM (7 killed, 20 wounded).[63]
September 18, 2016: Four suspected JeM militants attacked an Indian Army brigade headquarters in Uri, India. JeM was blamed by the Indian government for the attack, although no conclusive proof was found. The attack was deemed the deadliest attack on security forces in Kashmir in two decades (21 killed, 19 injured).[64]
July 6, 2018: JeM militants threw a grenade at a Central Reserve Police Force party in Pantha Chowk in Srinagar (0 killed, 0 wounded).[65]
JeM primarily recruits members from small towns and madrasas in the rural areas of Pakistan. Since 2000, JeM members have organized a series of recruitment rallies throughout Pakistan, in an attempt to motivate Islamic youth to wage jihad.[70] JeM also runs its own madrasas.[71] The group also reportedly recruits internationally among Kashmiri and Punjabi emigrants in Britain and has a number of veteran Afghan members.[72]
Some experts believe that because of JeM’s operations and locations, as well as their Taliban association, the group could have strong connections to the Pashtun tribes.[73]
There is an interconnected and evolving militant landscape in Pakistan. It can be difficult to determine the relationships among many groups, and there are more reports about some groups than others. There are also scattered reports about alliances and rivalries with groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.
Azhar allegedly met with Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and secured his support to create JeM. According to some analysts, JeM members trained in Afghanistan prior to the crackdown on camps there after September 11, 2001. Although some analysts allege close ties between AQ and JeM, the extent and type of assistance that AQ provides is at present unknown.[74] JeM also reportedly maintains ties with the Taliban, although it is unclear how strong these ties are.[75]
The Al-Rashid Trust (ART), a charity organization in Pakistan that is on the U.S. Department of Treasury’s terrorist organization list, is known to fund JeM and other jihadi groups. However, the organizational ties between ART and JeM likely extend beyond simple funding, and ART may be a front organization for JeM and other jihadi activities. For example, ART founded the newspaper Zarb-e-Momin in the 1990s, and now Zarb-e-Momin is published as JeM’s official newspaper.[76]
JeM has strong ties with the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) due to the relationship between Azhar and the SSP President Maulana Azam Tariq.[77] Tariq joined a "Crush India" rally organized by JeM on February 5, 2000 and announced, "One hundred thousand Sipah-e- Sahaba workers will join Jaish-e-Muhammad to fight the infidels."[78] In October 2000, SSP Chairman, Maulana Ziaul Qasmi, participated in another jihad conference organized by JeM and SSP where he took a vow of jihad on the hand of Azhar.[79] Both organizations recruit from madrasas and the rural and urban lower middle class.[80] Some reports allege joint operations between SSP and JeM.[81]
JeM reportedly became a rival of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) after Azhar split from HuM to form JeM in 2000, taking many HuM members with him. Even with similar ideologies, frequent clashes allegedly occurred between the groups over matters such as financial allotments and HuM's assets. The groups reportedly attempted to resolve the conflict in 2000 when they submitted a hakam (arbitration) to their elders. JeM was supposed to return all buildings in Punjab in exchange for money. However, this agreement created further tensions, leading JeM to attack and kill a small number of HuM operatives during the period of the split.[82]
Indian officials allege that Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Osama bin Laden, and the Taliban supported the founding of JeM. Both Indian and Pakistani officials claimed that Azhar has met with high-ranking AQ leaders, including Osama bin Laden.[83]
[1] Honawar, Rohit. “Jaish-e-Mohammed.” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. IPCS Special Report. No. 4. November, 2015. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/100232/IPCS-Special-Report-04.pdf
[2] “Global Terrorism Database” UMD. Web. 10 Feb 2015 <http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=20233&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table>; "Incidents and Statements Involving Jaish-e-Mohammed : 1999-2012." South Asia Terrorism Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_out....
[3] “J&K: Terrorists Lob Grenade at CRPF in Srinagr’s Pantha Chowk.” India.com News Desk. 6 Jul. 2018. Web. http://www.india.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-terrorists-lob-grenade...
[4] “Jaish-e-Mohammad” FAS. 3 May 2004. Web. 10 Feb 2015. < http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/jem.htm>
[5] "Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Terrorist Organization Profiles. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, n.d. Web. 26 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150515234200/http://www.start.umd.edu:80/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=58
[6] "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)." Extremist Groups: Information for Students. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 394-400. Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 May 2015; “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm> “Jaish-e-Mohammad” FAS. 3 May 2004. Web. 10 Feb 2015. < http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/jem.htm>
[7] "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)." Extremist Groups: Information for Students. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 394-400. Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 May 2015.
[8] Honawar, Rohit. “Jaish-e-Mohammed.” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. IPCS Special Report. No. 4. November, 2015. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/100232/IPCS-Special-Report-04.pdf
[9] "Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Terrorist Organization Profiles. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, n.d. Web. 26 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150515234200/http://www.start.umd.edu:80/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=58
[10] "Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Terrorist Organization Profiles. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, n.d. Web. 26 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150515234200/http://www.start.umd.edu:80/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=58; "Amendments To, and Maintenance Of, the Terrorist Designations of Harakat Ul-Mujahidin." U.S. Department of State. N.p., 07 Aug. 2014. Web. 25 June 2015. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/230373.htm; B, Raman, "Jaish-e-Muhammad rebaptized," South Asia Analysis Group, paper no. 377 available at: http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers4/paper337.html
[11] "Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Kashmir Herald on the Web, Jan. 2002. Web. 26 May 2015. <http://www.kashmirherald.com/profiles/jaishemohammad.html>.
[12] "JAISH-E-MOHAMMED (JeM)." Counterterrorism Guide. National Counterterrorism Center, Sept. 2013. Web. 28 May 2015. <http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/jem.html>.
[13] Starr, Barbara. "Diplomatic Pressure on India, Pakistan." CNN. Cable News Network, 27 Dec. 2001. Web. 22 May 2015. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/12/26/pakistan.india/; Afridi, Jamal. "Kashmir Militant Extremists." Council on Foreign Relations. N.p., 09 July 2009. Web. 26 May 2015. <http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135#p2>; “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm>
[14] "Foreign Terrorist Organizations." U.S. Department of State. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2015. <http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm>.
[15] "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)." Extremist Groups: Information for Students. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 394-400. Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 May 2015.
[16] "Pakistani Militants Return to Roots with Lahore Attack." BBC News. N.p., 2 July 2010. Web. 31 May 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/10491799; “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm>
[17] “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm>; WSJ Staff. "Reporter Daniel Pearl Is Dead, Killed by His Captors in Pakistan." Wall Street Journal. N.p., 24 Feb. 2002. Web. 29 May 2015. <http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1014311357552611480>.
[18] "Statement of Reasons– JAISH-E-MOHAMMAD (JeM)." Completed Inquiries. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 28 May 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_....
[19] "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)." Extremist Groups: Information for Students. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 394-400. Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 May 2015.
[20] “IPCS Special Report: Jaish-e-mohammed” IPCS November 2005 Web 21 Feb 2015 http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/358374414IPCS-Special-Report-04.pdf
[21] "Statement of Reasons– JAISH-E-MOHAMMAD (JeM)." Completed Inquiries. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 28 May 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_....
[22] "Appendix G – Statement of Reasons – Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_represe....
[23] "JAISH-E-MOHAMMED (JeM)." Counterterrorism Guide. National Counterterrorism Center, Sept. 2013. Web. 28 May 2015. <http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/jem.html>.
[24] “ US transfers Taliban commander to Pakistani custody” Long War Journal. Web 21 Feb 2015 < http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2014/12/us_transfers_taliban_commander.php>
[25] "Jaish-e-Mohammed." Australian National Security. Australian Government, 3 Mar. 2015. Web. 28 May 2015. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalsecurity.gov.au%2FListedterroristorganisations%2FPages%2FJai....
[26] Riedel, Bruce. “Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base.” The Daily Beast. 5 Jan. 2016. Web https://www.thedailybeast.com/blame-pakistani-spy-service-for-attack-on-...
[27] Ali, Umer. “Pakistan: The Rebirth of Jihad.” The Diplomat. 18 Aug. 2017. Web. https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/pakistan-the-rebirth-of-jihad/
[28] Kumar, Hari; Anand, Geetz. “17 Indian Soldiers Killed by Militants in Kashmir.” The New York Times. 18 Sept. 2016. Web.
[29] Z. Hussain, "Frontline Pakistan : the struggle with militant Islam" Columbia University Press, New York (2007); pp 64; Roggio, Bill. “Indian forces kill Jaish-e-Mohammed commander in Kashmir.” FDD’s Long War Journal. 13 Oct. 2017. Web.
[30] “India slams China for blocking move to list Azhar as global terrorist.” The Economic Times. 14 Jul. 2018. Web.
[31] "Statement of Reasons– JAISH-E-MOHAMMAD (JeM)." Completed Inquiries. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 28 May 2015.
[32] "Explanatory Memorandum to the Terrorism Act 2000." Home Office, Government of the United Kingdom. 2005. Available at: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2005/draft/em/uksidem_0110734246_en.pdf ; Raman, B. "Jaish-e-Mohammad Rebaptised?" South Asia Analysis Group. 2001. Available at: http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers4/paper337.html}}
[33] "Statement of Reasons– JAISH-E-MOHAMMAD (JeM)." Completed Inquiries. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 28 May 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_....
[34] “ Kashmir Militant Extremists” CFR 9 Jun 2009. Web. Feb 2015 < http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135>
[35] “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm>
[36] “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm>; Appendix C – Statement of Reasons – Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_....
[37] “Jaish-e-Mohammad” FAS. 3 May 2004. Web. 10 Feb 2015. < http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/jem.htm>
[38] “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm>; B, Raman, "Jaish-e-Muhammad rebaptized," South Asia Analysis Group, paper no. 377 available at: http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers4/paper337.html
[39] “Jaish-e-Mohammad” FAS. 3 May 2004. Web. 10 Feb 2015. < http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/jem.htm> Appendix C – Statement of Reasons – Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_....
[40] "JAISH-E-MOHAMMED (JeM)." Counterterrorism Guide. National Counterterrorism Center, Sept. 2013. Web. 28 May 2015. <http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/jem.html>.
[41] “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm>
[42] Honawar, Rohit. “Jaish-e-Mohammed.” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. IPCS Special Report. No. 4. November, 2015. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/100232/IPCS-Special-Report-04.pdf
[43] "JAISH-E-MOHAMMED (JeM)." Counterterrorism Guide. National Counterterrorism Center, Sept. 2013. Web. 28 May 2015. http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/jem.html; "Appendix G – Statement of Reasons – Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_represe....
[44] Honawar, Rohit. “Jaish-e-Mohammed.” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. IPCS Special Report. No. 4. November, 2015. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/100232/IPCS-Special-Report-04.pdf
[45] "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)." Extremist Groups: Information for Students. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 394-400. Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 May 2015.
[46] "Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Terrorist Organization Profiles. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, n.d. Web. 26 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150515234200/http://www.start.umd.edu:80/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=58
[47] Z. Hussain, "Frontline Pakistan : the struggle with militant Islam" Columbia University Press, New York (2007); pp 68.
[48] “Incidents involving JeM” SATP Web 21 Feb 2015 < http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/jaish_e_mohammad_TL.htm >
[49] "Appendix G – Statement of Reasons – Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_represe....
[50] "JAISH-E-MOHAMMED (JeM)." Counterterrorism Guide. National Counterterrorism Center, Sept. 2013. Web. 28 May 2015. <http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/jem.html>.
[51] "Incidents and Statements Involving Jaish-e-Mohammed : 1999-2012." South Asia Terrorism Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_out....
[52] “Global Terrorism Database” UMD. Web. 10 Feb 2015 <http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=20233&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table>; "Incidents and Statements Involving Jaish-e-Mohammed : 1999-2012." South Asia Terrorism Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_out....
[53] “Global Terrorism Database” UMD. Web. 10 Feb 2015 <http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=20233&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table>
[54] {“Global Terrorism Database” UMD. Web. 10 Feb 2015 < http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=20233&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table>
[55] “Global Terrorism Database” UMD. Web. 10 Feb 2015 <http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=20233&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table>
[56] South Asia Terrorism Portal – Jaish-e-Muhammad accessed at: http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/jaish_e_mohammad_mujahideen_e_tanzeem.htm accessed on: July 30, 2010. "2001: Suicide Attack on Indian Parliament." BBC News. N.p., 13 Dec. 2001. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13/newsid_3695....
[57] “Global Terrorism Database” UMD. Web. 10 Feb 2015 < http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=20233&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table>
[58] “Global Terrorism Database” UMD. Web. 10 Feb 2015 < http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=20233&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table>
[59] Ahmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos, Penguin Books, 2008, p. 159 and United States Department of State Publication Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, "Country Reports on Terrorism 2009," August 2010, p. 257. BBC, "Gunmen attack Pakistan school,"
[60] “Global Terrorism Database” UMD. Web. 10 Feb 2015 < http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=20233&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table>
[61] Parliament of Australia Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security, " Review of the re-listing of Ansar al-Sunna, JeM, LeJ, EIJ, IAA, AAA and IMU as terrorist organisations,” June 2007, http://www.aphref.aph.gov.au/house/committee/pjcis/grouped/report.htm
[62] "Incident Summary." Incident Summary for GTDID: 201309260002. Global Terrorism Database at START UMD, n.d. Web. 24 May 2015. <http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=201309260....
[63] Najar, Nilda.”Gunmen Killed in Pathankot, India, Air Base Attack.” The New York Times. 2 Jan. 2016. Web.
[64] “Militants attack Indian army base in Kashmir ‘killing 17’ BBC News. 18 Sept 2016. Web; TNN & Agencies. “Uri terror attack: 17 soldiers killed, 19 injured in strike on Army camp.” The Times of India. 30 Sept 2016. Web.
[65] “J&K: Terrorists Lob Grenade at CRPF in Srinagr’s Pantha Chowk.” India.com News Desk. 6 Jul. 2018. Web. http://www.india.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-terrorists-lob-grenade...
[66] “Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations” U.S. State Department. 20 May 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2015 < http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209989.htm>
[67] “Banned Organizations” Indian Ministry of Home Affairs. Web 21 Feb 2015 http://mha.nic.in/BO
[68] “Kashmir Herald. "Jaish-e-Mohammed." <http://www.kashmirherald.com/profiles/jaisheMohammed.html>
[69] “Jaish-e-Mohammad” FAS. 3 May 2004. Web. 10 Feb 2015. < http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/jem.htm>
[70] "Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)." Terrorist Organization Profiles. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, n.d. https://web.archive.org/web/20150515234200/http://www.start.umd.edu:80/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=58
[71] Siddiqa, Ayesha. "Pakistan’s 9/11?" The New York Times. N.p., 20 Dec. 2014. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/20/opinion/pakistans-9-11.html>.
[72] Hussain, Zahid, 2007 Frontline Pakistan : the struggle with militant Islam / Zahid Hussain Columbia University Press, New York; p. 64. Ministry of External Affairs, India. "L.K. Advani's Speech after Terrorist Attack on Indian Parliament." http://meaindia.nic.in/speech/2001/12/18spc01.htm (accessed October 20, 2005).
[73] Katja Riikonen, "Punjabi Taliban and the Sectarian Groups in Pakistan", Pakistan Security and Research Unit, Brief No 55, February 2010.
[74] Z. Hussain, "Frontline Pakistan : the struggle with militant Islam," Columbia University Press, New York (2007), M.A. Zahab and Olivier Roy, "Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection." Translated by John King. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004; "Appendix D – Statement of Reasons– JAISH-E-MOHAMMAD (JeM)." Completed Inquiries. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 31 May 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_....
[75] "Appendix D – Statement of Reasons– JAISH-E-MOHAMMAD (JeM)." Completed Inquiries. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 31 May 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_....
[76] Z. Hussain, "Frontline Pakistan : the struggle with militant Islam," Columbia University Press, New York (2007); pp 66.
[77] "Pakistani Militants Return to Roots with Lahore Attack." BBC News. N.p., 2 July 2010. Web. 31 May 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/10491799; M.A. Zahab and Olivier Roy, "Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection." Translated by John King. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. p. 30.
[78] M. A Rana, "A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan," Mashal Publishing; Lahore, Pakistan. (2005); p. 146.
[79] M. A Rana, "A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan," Mashal Publishing; Lahore, Pakistan. (2005); p. 146.
[80] Bartley, Caleb M. "A Review of: "Zahab, Marian Abou and Olivier Roy. Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection." -- Translated by John King. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004." Comparative Strategy 24.4 (2005). 04 Jul. 2010; pp 30.
[81] "Appendix D – Statement of Reasons– JAISH-E-MOHAMMAD (JeM)." Completed Inquiries. Parliament of Australia, n.d. Web. 31 May 2015. <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_....
[82] B, Raman, "Jaish-e-Muhammad rebaptized," South Asia Analysis Group, paper no. 377 available at: http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers4/paper337.html
[83] "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)." Extremist Groups: Information for Students. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 394-400. Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 May 2015.