Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
RAM’s ideology can be considered white supremacist, neo-Nazi, anti-Semitic, and anti-immigrant. The group aims to bring back an America dominated by European culture and foster a new “conservative counter-culture” focused on white identity.[65] RAM describes itself as an alt-right militia fighting for the defense of Western civilization against Jews, Muslims, and immigrants of color, especially those from Central and South America.[66] The group’s primary goal is to physically assault those it perceives as its enemies.[67] RAM’s logo comprises an evergreen tree and a sword with a cross shape on its pommel, a reference to the Crusades.[68]
The group denies that it is racist or fascist, insisting instead that it merely protects the white identity from the “degeneracy” of American culture.[69] RAM sees white Americans as victimized by liberal ways of life, which the group seeks to uproot and defeat.[70] However, the group’s claims that it is not racist or fascist ring hollow. There is a great deal of evidence that RAM is plugged into the U.S. neo-Nazi and white supremacy extremist movement. For example, the group promotes the “14 Words” slogan popular among many U.S. white supremacists.[71] Authored by U.S. neo-Nazi David Lane after he was imprisoned for the 1984 murder of Jewish radio host David Berg, the mantra reads, “We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children.” RAM leader Robert Rundo has publicly praised Lane’s statement, calling members of RAM “fans” of it.[72] In a search of an RAM members home in 2018, police found a wall hanging with the number “88” – a reference to the phrase “Heil Hitler,” as H is the eighth letter of the alphabet.[73]
In contrast to other white supremacist militant groups such as Atomwaffen Division (now known as the National Socialist Order), RAM does not seek to overthrow the United States government but rather to restore the United States to an idealized past based on white identity. Members of the group have been photographed at rallies carrying a large banner with the words “Defend America.”[74] Members have also worn American flag bandannas to hide their identities.[75]
While RAM does not directly engage in electoral politics, it takes part in politics via its participation in far-right rallies. Members of the group have demonstrated against Jews and Muslims and advocated white nationalism.[76] RAM’s fighters use physical violence to intimidate their political opponents. RAM regularly targets counter-protesters at the far-right rallies that the group attends. For example, RAM members attacked counter-protestors at a rally hosted by U.S. President Donald Trump in early 2017.[77] That same year, the group also targeted counter-protestors at an alt-right rally,[78] at a demonstration organized by an anti-Muslim political group,[79] and at the “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia in 2017.[80]
RAM generally eschews weapons and executes its attacks with mixed martial arts (MMA) fighting techniques. The group describes itself on its website as “the premier MMA club of the Alt-Right.”[81] Members meet in public parks in southern California to train together in MMA.[82]
RAM attends political rallies with the intention of committing acts of violence, usually against counter-protesters opposed to the extreme right. Members wear skull masks or American flag bandanas to conceal their faces, put on goggles to protect against pepper spray, and wrap their hands and wrists with tape to prevent injury when punching.[83]
The group’s targets include Jews, immigrants, Muslims, anti-fascist (“antifa”) activists, people of color, and the LGBT community. Members of RAM have carried signs at far-right rallies bearing slogans, including “Da Goyim Know” (a reference to an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory about Jews’ supposed plans for taking over the world), “Rapefugees Not Welcome,” and “Defend America. Islamists Out.”[84] RAM has also used slogans such as “Kill a Commie for Mommy” and “GNLS,” an abbreviation for “Good Night Left Side,” which is a common anti-antifa mantra among members of the far right.[85] Antifa is typically considered to be on the far left of the U.S. political spectrum, hence the reference to “left side.”
Jews are an especially common target for RAM. In May 2017, members of the group gathered on a southern California beach for a book-burning event, where they burned books including Anne Frank’s Diary of a Young Girl, Schindler’s List by Thomas Keneally,[86] the 9/11 Commission Report, The Jewish Book of Why, Cultural Pluralism, and Trapped in Hitler’s Hell.[87] At a June 2017 anti-Muslim rally in San Bernardino, California, a RAM member brandished dollar bills in the face of a counter-protester and demanded to know if he was Jewish.[88]
Though RAM is perhaps most well-known for its mixed martial arts (MMA) training and its violence at political rallies, much of its activity occurs online, where the group disseminates hateful rhetoric and videos of training sessions. RAM utilizes YouTube and encrypted messaging apps (e.g., Telegram) to propagate extremist material and share tips for like-minded individuals.[89] RAM regularly shares images and videos online depicting its MMA training sessions.[90] RAM aims to recruit new members with slick videos showing footage from training interspersed with shots of the group’s acts of violence at political rallies.[91]
Other propaganda features anti-Semitic and racist themes, including attacks on Mark Zuckerberg and former U.S. President Barack Obama, celebrations of police shootings of Black Americans, and cartoons targeting Muslims, Jews, and Black Americans.[92] Other posts have disseminated conspiracy theories about Jewish control of banks, the news media, and the legal system.[93] RAM released an image of a member stepping on a rainbow Pride flag in June 2020, which was LGBTQ Pride Month in the United States.[94]
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization’s history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
March 25, 2017: Several RAM members attacked counter-protesters and journalists with punches on the sidelines of a “Make America Great Again” rally hosted by U.S. President Donald Trump in Huntington Beach, California (none killed, unknown wounded).[95] This was RAM’s first public attack as an organization.
April 15, 2017: Members of RAM, including RAM founder Robert Rundo, assaulted a police officer, journalists, and counter-protesters with mixed martial arts techniques at an alt-right rally in Berkeley (none killed, unknown wounded).[96]
June 10, 2017: RAM participated in a demonstration organized by ACT for America, an anti-Muslim political group, in San Bernardino, California, where members assaulted counter-protesters (none killed, unknown wounded).[97]
August 12, 2017: RAM fighters attacked counter-protesters, including a clergyman, at the “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Group members punched, kicked, head butted, and bludgeoned counter-protestors with a tiki torch (none killed, four wounded).[98]
There are no designations or listings for this group.
Though RAM operates as a street-fighting club, the group also aims to cultivate a more positive image in order to attract public support. RAM members seek to portray their lifestyle as a model for others, especially youth, to follow. Literature aimed at new recruits bills RAM as a group “dedicated to the promotion of an active lifestyle and common values among young people for our future.”[99] Online propaganda describes a drug-free, Christian, healthy way of life that balances physical fitness with intellectual curiosity.[100] For example, a photo posted on the social networking site Gab in late 2018 depicted RAM members reading together on a staircase.[101]
Though the scope of its activities is largely limited to violence at political rallies within the United States, RAM has sought to cultivate relationships with other militant organizations and far-right extremist groups in the United States and overseas.
Alliances
Hammerskin Nation
RAM appears to have close ties to the Hammerskin Nation (HSN), the largest organization for members of the skinhead movement in the United States. The New York Times has reported that RAM leader Robert Rundo had cultivated a relationship with HSN’s West Coast chapter prior to his arrest in October 2018.[102] HSN began in Dallas, Texas in the 1980s and is comprised of a loose confederation of chapters in various U.S. locations.[103] White-power music and music festivals play a key role in mobilizing members and consolidating ideology across the various chapters.[104] Like RAM, the Hammerskin Nation is organized as a white-power gang.
According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, members of RAM, then still known as the DIY Division, displayed clothing and tattoos affiliated with HSN during RAM’s first attack in March 2017.[105] HSN members have joined RAM in attacks, including the assault of counter-protestors at a June 2017 anti-Muslim march in San Bernardino, California.[106] Members of RAM signaled ties to HSN at an April 2017 rally of the so-called alt-right in Berkeley, California. Photographs of this event show RAM members marching and making the Hammerskin salute, which combines a Nazi salute and the HSN logo.[107]
There is also crossover in membership between the two organizations. RAM is known to have recruited fighters from the ranks of the HSN.[108] Several individuals reportedly maintain affiliations with both groups, including Skyler Segeberg and Spencer Currie.[109]
Segeberg and Curry reportedly form part of a HSN band called “Hate Your Neighbors” that has performed at HSN events.[110]
Proud Boys
RAM collaborates with the Proud Boys, a U.S. right-wing extremist group active in the alt-right movement. The Proud Boys was founded in 2016 by VICE Media co-founder Gavin McInnes. Group members describe themselves as “Western chauvinists” and are known for white supremacist, misogynistic, and anti-Muslim rhetoric.[111] Like RAM, the Proud Boys advocate for an American white identity and is active both online and in demonstrations around the country. The group co-organized the August 2017 “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, with the U.S.-based white supremacist group Identity Evropa.[112] In 2017, a Proud Boys leader, Kyle Chapman, established a paramilitary wing known as the Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights (FOAK) with the goal of defending right-wing extremists at rallies.[113] In August 2017, Rewire estimated that the Proud Boys numbered about 6,000 members online, though the extent to which these members are consistently active in the group is unclear.[114] Despite the group’s cultivation of ties with groups that have neo-Nazi affiliations, such as RAM, the Proud Boys resist the neo-Nazi label and its connotations.[115]
Photo evidence posted online shows members of RAM and the Proud Boys attending each other’s events.[116] Both groups participated in the “Unite the Right” rally. According to material published by the Northern California Anti-Racist Action, RAM and the Proud Boys began holding monthly networking events in Laguna Beach, California in mid-2017.[117] This report has not been independently confirmed.
Azov Battalion
RAM has pursued ties with the Azov Battalion, a unit of the Ukrainian National Guard that promotes white supremacy extremism and neo-Nazi beliefs. With the aid of foreign fighters recruited from around the world, Azov has fought against pro-Russian separatists in the eastern half of Ukraine. During RAM’s networking tour of Europe in 2018, the head of the Azov Battalion’s political wing, known as the National Corps, hosted RAM members Robert Rundo, Benjamin Daley, and Michael Miselis in Ukraine.[118] During their visit, the men participated in weight training with the Azov Battalion at an outdoor gym in Kiev. RAM members also engaged in sparring with Azov Battalion members at the Reconquista Club, a mixed martial arts (MMA) club affiliated with Azov.[119] While in Kiev, RAM founder Rundo got a tattoo of the Viking warrior logo of White Rex, a clothing label founded by a Russian MMA fighter and Azov Battalion affiliate.[120] An October 2018 FBI criminal complaint notes RAM’s ties to the Azov Battalion. The document claims that militants of the Azov Battalion “have participated in training and radicalizing United States-based white supremacy organizations.”[121] National Corps leader Olena Semenyaka denied this claim but acknowledged the group’s ties to RAM, stating that Rundo and the other men traveled to Ukraine “to learn our ways” and “showed interest in learning how to create youth forces in the ways Azov has.” RAM has remained an ally of the Azov Battalion since the 2018 exchange. In a March 2020 video posted to YouTube, Rundo defended the Azov Battalion as the group came under greater scrutiny in the United States.[122]
Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement
RAM has allied itself with Identity Evropa (IE), also known as the American Identity Movement (AIM). Founded in 2016, IE is a U.S.-based white supremacist organization that aims to strengthen a shared sense of white racial identity and ostensibly preserve Western culture.[123] The group recruits on college campuses across the United States. It often utilizes flyers featuring images of European heritage, such as classical statues, and slogans such as “Keep Your Diversity We Want Identity.”[124] IE co-organized the August 2017 “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia with the U.S.-based right-wing extremist group the Proud Boys.[125] In 2019, IE changed its name to the American Identity Movement and focused more explicitly on American nationalism, including the use of patriotic colors and symbols.[126] As of February 2017, IE boasted about 200 members.[127]
In its attack on counter-protesters at an April 2017 far-right rally in Berkeley, California, RAM fought alongside members of IE, including IE’s founder, Nathan Damigo.[128] Members of the two organizations appeared together in photographs taken during and after the rally.[129]
There are no publicly available external influences for this group.
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[10] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r....
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[12] Cappuzzo, Dino P. “Affidavit in Support of Arrest Warrant and Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Benjamin Drake Daley, Michael Paul Miselis, Thomas Walter Gillen, and Cole Evan White.” FBI. August 27, 2018. https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/local/federal-prosecutors-ac...
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[13] Cappuzzo, Dino P. “Affidavit in Support of Arrest Warrant and Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Benjamin Drake Daley, Michael Paul Miselis, Thomas Walter Gillen, and Cole Evan White.” FBI. August 27, 2018. https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/local/federal-prosecutors-ac...
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[66] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
[67] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
[68] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
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[71] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
[72] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
[73] Jarvie, Jenny et al. “Trained in California, a white supremacist fight club is accused of bringing violence to Charlottesville.” Los Angeles Times. October 3, 2018. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-rise-above-hate-20181003-story...
[74] “DIY Division: The Violent neo-Nazi Group Central to the California Alt-Right and Alt-Light Protest Movements.” Northern California Anti-Racist Action. July 6, 2017. https://nocara.blackblogs.org/2017
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/backgrounders/rise-above-movement-ram
[77] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
[78] Cappuzzo, Dino P. “Affidavit in Support of Arrest Warrant and Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Benjamin Drake Daley, Michael Paul Miselis, Thomas Walter Gillen, and Cole Evan White.” FBI. August 27, 2018. https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/local/federal-prosecutors-ac...
interstitial_manual_12. Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r....
[79] Castillo, Andrea. “Anti-sharia protesters rally at site of San Bernardino terrorist attack.” Los Angeles Times. June 10, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-anti-sharia-protest-2017061.... Sullivan, Emily. “4 White Supremacists Face Federal Charges in California Attacks.” NPR. October 25, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/10/25/660401404/four-white-supremacists-face-fe.... “Rise Above Movement (R.A.M.).” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/rise-above-movement-ram
[80] Cappuzzo, Dino P. “Affidavit in Support of Arrest Warrant and Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Benjamin Drake Daley, Michael Paul Miselis, Thomas Walter Gillen, and Cole Evan White.” FBI. August 27, 2018. https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/local/federal-prosecutors-ac...
interstitial_manual_12. Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r.... Bharath, Deepa. “Rise Above Movement: What extremism experts are saying about these white supremacists in Southern California.” The Orange County Register. October 4, 2018. https://www.ocregister.com
/2018/10/04/rise-above-movement-what-extremism-experts-are-saying-about-these-white-supremacists-in-southern-california/
[81] Jarvie, Jenny et al. “Trained in California, a white supremacist fight club is accused of bringing violence to Charlottesville.” Los Angeles Times. October 3, 2018. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-rise-above-hate-20181003-story...
[82] Bharath, Deepa. “Rise Above Movement: What extremism experts are saying about these white supremacists in Southern California.” The Orange County Register. October 4, 2018. https://www.ocregister.com/2018/10/04/rise-above-movement-what-extremism...
[83] “Rise Above Movement (R.A.M.).” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources
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[84] “Rise Above Movement (R.A.M.).” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources
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[85] “Rise Above Movement (R.A.M.).” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources
/backgrounders/rise-above-movement-ram
[86] Stephen Spielberg’s film Schindler’s List was based on Thomas Keneally’s historical fiction novel Schindler’s Ark. After the release of the film, Keneally’s book was re-issued under the title Schindler’s List. Photos indicate that it was this edition of Keneally’s book that RAM burned.
[87] “Rise Above Movement (R.A.M.).” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/rise-above-movement-ram. “DIY Division: The Violent neo-Nazi Group Central to the California Alt-Right and Alt-Light Protest Movements.” Northern California Anti-Racist Action. July 6, 2017. https://nocara.blackblogs.org/2017/07/06/diy-division/.
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[89] “Extremist Content Online: White Supremacist Street Fighting Gang Creates Telegram Channel Promoting Anti-Immigrant & Anti-Semitic Content.” Counter Extremism Project. May 11, 2020. https://www.counterextremism.com/press/extremist-content-online-white-su.... “Extremist Content Online: Content From White Supremacist Group RAM Located On YouTube.” Counter Extremism Project. July 7, 2020. https://www.counterextremism.com
/press/extremist-content-online-content-white-supremacist-group-ram-located-youtube
[90] McLaughlin, Elliott C. “The Rise Above Movement is less like the Klan and more like a fight club.” CNN. October 9, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/09/us/ram-rise-above-movement-california-hat...
[91] McLaughlin, Elliott C. “The Rise Above Movement is less like the Klan and more like a fight club.” CNN. October 9, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/09/us/ram-rise-above-movement-california-hat...
[92] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
[93] Jarvie, Jenny et al. “Trained in California, a white supremacist fight club is accused of bringing violence to Charlottesville.” Los Angeles Times. October 3, 2018. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-rise-above-hate-20181003-story...
[94] Makuch, Ben. “White Supremacist Street Gangs Are Going to BLM Protests.” VICE News. June 17, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qj4ky5/white-supremacist-street-gangs...
[95] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
[96] Cappuzzo, Dino P. “Affidavit in Support of Arrest Warrant and Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Benjamin Drake Daley, Michael Paul Miselis, Thomas Walter Gillen, and Cole Evan White.” FBI. August 27, 2018. https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/local/federal-prosecutors-ac...
interstitial_manual_12. “DIY Division: The Violent neo-Nazi Group Central to the California Alt-Right and Alt-Light Protest Movements.” Northern California Anti-Racist Action. July 6, 2017. https://nocara.blackblogs.org/2017/07/06/diy-division/. Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r....
[97] Castillo, Andrea. “Anti-sharia protesters rally at site of San Bernardino terrorist attack.” Los Angeles Times. June 10, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-anti-sharia-protest-2017061.... Sullivan, Emily. “4 White Supremacists Face Federal Charges in California Attacks.” NPR. October 25, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/10/25/660401404/four-white-supremacists-face-fe.... “Rise Above Movement (R.A.M.).” Anti-Defamation League. 2020. https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/rise-above-movement-ram
[98] Cappuzzo, Dino P. “Affidavit in Support of Arrest Warrant and Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Benjamin Drake Daley, Michael Paul Miselis, Thomas Walter Gillen, and Cole Evan White.” FBI. August 27, 2018. https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/local/federal-prosecutors-ac...
interstitial_manual_12. Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r.... Bharath, Deepa. “Rise Above Movement: What extremism experts are saying about these white supremacists in Southern California.” The Orange County Register. October 4, 2018. https://www.ocregister.com
/2018/10/04/rise-above-movement-what-extremism-experts-are-saying-about-these-white-supremacists-in-southern-california/
[99] McLaughlin, Elliott C. “The Rise Above Movement is less like the Klan and more like a fight club.” CNN. October 9, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/09/us/ram-rise-above-movement-california-hat...
[100] Bharath, Deepa. “Rise Above Movement: What extremism experts are saying about these white supremacists in Southern California.” The Orange County Register. October 4, 2018. https://www.ocregister.com/2018/10/04/rise-above-movement-what-extremism...
[101] Bharath, Deepa. “Rise Above Movement: What extremism experts are saying about these white supremacists in Southern California.” The Orange County Register. October 4, 2018. https://www.ocregister.com/2018/10/04/rise-above-movement-what-extremism...
[102] Goldman, Adam and Ali Winston. “F.B.I. Arrests White Nationalist Leader Who Fled the Country for Central America.” The New York Times. October 24, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/24/us/fbi-white-nationalist-robert-paul-...
[103] Perliger, Arie. “Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America’s Violent Far-Right.” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. November 2012. https://ctc.usma.edu/challengers-from-the-sidelines-understanding-americ...
[104] Perliger, Arie. “Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America’s Violent Far-Right.” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. November 2012. https://ctc.usma.edu/challengers-from-the-sidelines-understanding-americ...
[105] Morlin, Bill. “Neo-Nazi Skins Played Role in Pro-Trump Rally.” Southern Poverty Law Center. April 4, 2017. https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/04/04/neo-nazi-skins-played-rol...
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[109] Tristan, Frank John. “OC Alt-Right Can’t Deny Associations With White Hate Groups & Neo-Nazis.” OC Weekly. November 16, 2017. https://www.ocweekly.com/ocs-alt-right-can-no-longer-deny-theyre-associa.... “DIY Division: The Violent neo-Nazi Group Central to the California Alt-Right and Alt-Light Protest Movements.” Northern California Anti-Racist Action. July 6, 2017. https://nocara.blackblogs.org/2017
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[110] Tristan, Frank John. “OC Alt-Right Can’t Deny Associations With White Hate Groups & Neo-Nazis.” OC Weekly. November 16, 2017. https://www.ocweekly.com/ocs-alt-right-can-no-longer-deny-theyre-associa.... “DIY Division: The Violent neo-Nazi Group Central to the California Alt-Right and Alt-Light Protest Movements.” Northern California Anti-Racist Action. July 6, 2017. https://nocara.blackblogs.org/2017
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[111] “Proud Boys.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/proud-boys
[112] “Proud Boys.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/proud-boys
[113] “Proud Boys.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/proud-boys
[114] Coutts, Sharona. “How Hate Goes ‘Mainstream’: Gavin McInnes and the Proud Boys.” Rewire News. August 28, 2017. https://rewire.news/article/2017/08/28/hate-goes-mainstream-gavin-mcinne...
[115] “Neo-Nazis Brag of Open Connections With Gavin’s ‘Proud Boys.’” It’s Going Down. May 18, 2017. https://itsgoingdown.org/neo-nazis-brag-open-connections-with-gavins-pro...
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[118] Miller, Christopher. “Azov, Ukraine's Most Prominent Ultranationalist Group, Sets Its Sights on U.S., Europe.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. November 14, 2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/azov-ukraine-s-most-prominent-ultranationalist-g...
[119] Miller, Christopher. “Azov, Ukraine's Most Prominent Ultranationalist Group, Sets Its Sights on U.S., Europe.” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. November 14, 2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/azov-ukraine-s-most-prominent-ultranationalist-g...
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[121] Bierworth, Scott. “Complaint for violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 2101, 371: United States of America v. Robert Paul Rundo, Robert Boman, Tyler Laube, and Aaron Eason.” FBI. October 20, 2018. https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/421-robert-rundo-complaint/0f1e7...
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[122] “Extremist Content Online: White Supremacist Group Green Brigade ‘Disbands’ Itself, Part of Dubious Trend.” Counter Extremism Project. March 23, 2020. https://www.counterextremism.com/press/extremist-content-online-white-su...‘disbands’-itself-part-dubious
[123] “Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/identity-e...
[124] “Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement.” Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/identity-e...
[125] “Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement.” Counter Extremism Project. 2020. https://www.counterextremism.com/supremacy/identity-evropaamerican-ident...
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[128] Thompson, A.C., Ali Winston, and Darwin Bond Graham. “Racist, Violent, Unpunished: A White Hate Group’s Campaign of Menace.” ProPublica. October 19, 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-r...
[129] “East Bay Identity Evropa Organizer Brodin Sutherland Exposed; Brother in Law Enforcement.” Northern California Anti-Racist Action.” June 17, 2019. https://nocara.blackblogs.org/category/rise-above-movement/