Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
Prior to official formation of HN, Jalaluddin Haqqani was a member of the executive committee of Hizb-i Islami, one of the most radical anti-Soviet anti-Daud resistance movements in the region. HN originally drew its ideology from Hizb-i-Islami and later from the Taliban. HN is also ideologically aligned with Al Qaeda, but unlike Al-Qaeda, HN has a regional rather than a global focus. It also shares the Al-Qaeda’s goal of driving foreign military and influence out of Afghanistan permanently.[45]
HN’s underlying goal in the post-2001 Afghan conflict was primarily focused on eradicating Western influence and reestablishing a Taliban rule in Afghanistan.[46] HN opposes U.S.-led coalition forces, the establishment of new security forces, and the implementation of new democratic institutions.[47] The role of HN’s violence varies, but the purpose is often to enforce obedience over its own population, to terrorize and deter rival groups, and to establish the upper hand in the fight, showing the network’s leadership to be strong in times of crisis or a wider civil war.[48]
Since Sirajuddin Haqqani took over the network, HN’s ideological goals have shifted to be far more violent and ambitious.[49] The more recent history of HN suggests that it is no longer solely based on fundamentalist religious ideology or nationalist separatism. Rather, HN’s use of power to effect political change in the modern era, whether to capture territory, restore national emirate, or for comparatively less tangible aims, such as helping to create a global Islamic caliphate, is often the result of a complex, pragmatic blending of motives.[50]
In 1992, Jalaluddin was briefly appointed as the Justice Minister to the Islamic State of Afghanistan. After the U.S. invasion, Jalaluddin was reportedly invited to Islamabad to discuss a post-Taliban government.[51]
HN targets Western buildings and organizations, as well as institutions that sympathize with or support foreign officials. Past targets have included the Serena Hotel in Kabul, where the Norwegian Foreign Minister was reportedly meeting at the time of the attack; NATO convoys; the U.S. Embassy; and military bases throughout Afghanistan. On several occasions, HN has hit targets of interest to Pakistan’s military, such as the Indian embassy in 2008 and Indian construction companies, fueling allegations of ties between ISI and HN.[52]
HN is believed to have pioneered the use of suicide bombing in Afghanistan. In addition to mobilizing local members, the group uses foreigners to carry out its attacks.[53] For example, HN uses its relationships with Al Qaeda and foreign fighters from Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan, and Chechnya to further its tactical goals. These relationships are coordinated primarily by Sirajuddin Haqqani’s brother Yahya Haqqani.[54] Additionally, HN possesses highly advanced technological expertise, particularly related to bomb-making and remote detonation devices.[55]
Since 2001, HN has sought to drive the US-led coalition out of Afghanistan and reestablish Taliban rule in the country. In order to achieve this, HN employs complex, high-profile attacks in the form of suicide bombings, beheadings, vehicle detonations, and kidnappings of Western and Afghan hostages.[56]
HN is largely responsible for the violence in Kabul, and has conducted some of the most notorious attacks against the US-led coalition in Afghanistan. One of HN’s most lethal initiatives is its enhanced training program. Led by HN’s chief of suicide operations, Abdul Rauf Zakir, fighters from the enhanced training program conducted a 19-hour siege on the US embassy and NATO headquarters in 2011.[57]
Under Sirajuddin Haqqani’s leadership, HN has expanded the network’s kidnap-for-ransom campaign of wealthy and influential Afghans. Although these local schemes help to support the network financially, HN also seeks more lucrative targets in Western hostages.[58]
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization's history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
Throughout the 1980s, HN carried out a continued campaign against the Soviet forces and their Afghan allies in Afghanistan. HN also waged a military campaign against other local families for control in the tribal areas. Specific attacks during this period are not well documented, but it was in this timeframe that Jalaluddin became well-known in the region as a skillful military leader in the fight against the Soviets by commanding his own forces and coordinating with other tribal forces in the area.[59]After the American invasion, HN began carrying out attacks against U.S. and NATO forces, but attribution of attacks in the early 2000s is difficult.
July 22, 1975: HN launched an assault against the pro-Daoud governor in the Ziruk district of Pakitka province, Afghanistan (12 killed, 0 wounded).[60]
September 10 and 11, 2006: A suicide bomber killed a tribal elder and governor of Paktia Province Abdul Hakim Taniwal, who was also a close friend of President Hamid Karzai. The next day, another suicide bomber attacked Taniwal’s funeral, killing five police officers and two children. HN claimed the attack (7 killed, 40+ wounded).[61]
January 14, 2008: Four gunmen attacked the Serena Hotel in Kabul, shooting indiscriminately and setting off at least one suicide bomb. At the time, a Norwegian delegation was meeting at the hotel, and was a suspected target of the assault. Afghanistan’s intelligence chief implicated Siraj Haqqani in the attack (9 Killed, unknown wounded).[62]
March 3, 2008: A suicide truck attack killed U.S. soldiers in the Sabri district headquarters in the Khost province. The attack was attributed to HN (2 Killed, unknown wounded).[63]
April 27, 2008: HN was blamed for the attempted assassination of Hamid Karzai, the Afghani President at the time. Hizb-i-Islami and some senior Afghan defense officials reportedly provided logistical assistance to HN (8 Killed, 11 wounded).[64]
July 7, 2008: An HN car bombing targeted the Indian Embassy in Kabul and killed 54 people. American intelligence officials reportedly found evidence that Pakistan’s ISI had provided support in the attack (54 killed, unknown wounded).[65]
May 10, 2010: An attack on a NATO Coalition convoy killed U.S. and Canadian colonels, lieutenant colonels, U.S. soldiers, and Afghan citizens (18 killed, unknown wounded).[66]
September 13, 2011: Insurgents attacked the U.S. Embassy and NATO headquarters in Kabul and laid siege to the bases for nineteen hours, killing five police officers and eleven civilians (16 killed, 100+ wounded).[67]
October 29, 2011: The Taliban claimed a car bomb attack in West Beirut, but Afghan and American officials suspect that HN carried out the attack (5 killed, 77 wounded).[68]
June 22, 2012: Militants carried out a 12-hour siege of a popular hotel in Kabul. Afghan Special Police, backed by NATO forces, ended the siege. NATO Commanders claimed that HN was responsible for the attack (20 killed, unknown wounded).[69]
July 15, 2014: Experts claim that HN was responsible for a truck bomb attack in a market located in a remote eastern district in Afghanistan (72 killed, unknown wounded).[70]
July 17, 2014: A suicide attacker fired grenades on the Kabul Airport. The attacker is believed to belong to HN (5 killed, 0 wounded).[71]
June 22, 2015: A car bomb exploded outside of the Afghan parliament building, and gunmen shot into the crowd. The Taliban claimed responsibility, but Afghan intelligence blamed HN and alleged that the attack was funded by Pakistan’s ISI, which Pakistan denied (5 killed, 30+ wounded).[72]
May 31, 2017: More than 150 people were killed when a truck bomb went off in Kabul. Afghan officials believed that HN was responsible for the attack (150+ killed, unknown wounded).[73]
June 6, 2017: A truck bomb exploded in a diplomatic zone in central Kabul. The attack was one of the deadliest attacks in Afghanistan in recent history. Afghan intelligence attributed the attack to HN, despite the fact that the group specifically denied responsibility (about 90 killed, unknown wounded).[74]
January 20, 2018: Six militants attacked a hotel in Kabul. The Taliban claimed responsibility and the attackers were believed to belong to HN (22 killed, 6 wounded).[75]
January 27, 2018: More than 100 people were killed when a bomb planted inside of an ambulance exploded near the German Embassy in Kabul. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack, though the United States believes that the attack was carried out by HN militants (100+ killed, unknown wounded).[76]
The Haqqani Network is closely tied to the local tribes in the FATA region in Pakistan. HN frequently provides financial compensation to locals willing to help support, protect, and provide for HN operatives or operations. This allows HN to draw upon a large population of fighters for their operations.
HN’s successful integration into the local political landscape of Islamist militancy across the Afghanistan-Pakistan border is not a new phenomenon. Since the 1970s, HN has depended on an intricate network of jihadist supporters and tribal solidarity to wage violent campaigns across the region. However, through the methodical absorption of key qawm leaders, from the village elders, khans, and mullahs, to the senior militia commanders of hardline Islamist groups across conflict zones, HN has set itself apart in the region. HN has significant operational reach, and has demonstrated ambition and ability to project influence, employ violence to achieve political ends, and broaden its network well beyond its traditional community in southeastern Afghanistan.[78]
In many cases, HN has reconstituted beyond its traditional safe havens in Pakistan and Afghanistan by relying on indirect forms of control. HN does this in order to evade detection and sabotage by the West, while organizing violence well beyond its traditional tribal and ethnic strongholds.[79]
Given HN’s familial structure, the inner command circle is not open to fighters and leaders who do not belonging to the Haqqani family or Zadran tribe.[80]
Between 1995 and 1996, Haqqani pledged alliance to the Taliban and supported the group when it captured Kabul in 1996.[81] As a reward for HN’s support, the Taliban offered Jalaluddin Haqqani a cabinet position as the Minister of Tribal Affairs, a position he held from 1996 through 2001, when the U.S. invaded Afghanistan.[82]
In addition, relations with Al Qaeda in Pakistan and Afghanistan date back to the early 1990s, when AQ was just starting to form.[83] AQ and HN continued to grow in size and power, and their relationship continued after the Soviet-Afghan War.[84]
HN has also been tied to operations with Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), a militant group reportedly nurtured and funded by the ISI. Though direct links between these two groups are not known, it is suspected that the ISI utilizes both groups to carry out terror operations in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[85] It is also suspected that Al Qaeda and the ISI utilize Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) as a proxy for carrying out attacks alongside HN’s forces.
HN established its jihadist credentials in the 1980s during the Afghan War against the Soviets as a mujahedeen organization.[86] The network rose to power in large part through the backing of Pakistan, which allegedly supports Islamist militants in Afghanistan in order to create strategic depth.[87] Since the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan, it has been alleged that Pakistan quietly supports HN and other allied militant proxies to both hasten the departure of Western forces and influence a post-NATO Afghanistan that supports Pakistani interests.[88]
In September 2011, the U.S.’s top military official, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen, publicly accused Pakistan’s ISI of playing a direct role in supporting HN in its attack on the American Embassy and International Security Assistance Forces Headquarters in Kabul. At the time, these targets were two of the most prominent symbols of American diplomatic and military presence in Afghanistan.[89]
In 2015, the Pakistani government ostensibly outlawed HN.[90] However, according to Western and Afghan intelligence officials, Islamabad has shown no sign that it is genuinely willing to end its alleged support for HN.[91]
Because of HN’s close relationship with certain Islamist militant factions (Al Qaeda, the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Lashkar-e-Taiba) and state actors (allegedly, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia), HN employs a policy of “organizational ambiguity” to ensure that the link between foreign sponsors and HN operations is kept from public view.[92]
When HN attacks are linked to state-facilitated violence, the West has, in select cases obtained enhanced legal authorities to apply military, financial, and diplomatic pressure on both HN and its backers. For this reason, the U.S. State Department designated HN as a foreign terrorist organization following its 2011 attack on the U.S. Embassy in Kabul. Washington's subsequent accusations of HN's direct links to the ISI have further beleaguered Western relations with Islamabad.[93]
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