Narrative
Narrative of the Organization's History
Narrative of the Organization's History
Leadership, Name Changes, Size Estimates, Resources, Geographic Locations
Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics
First Attacks, Largest Attacks, Notable Attacks
Foreign Designations and Listings, Community Relations, Relations with Other Groups, State Sponsors and External Influences
Mapping relationships with other militant groups over time in regional maps
The 1920s RB was a nationalist, Sunni organization whose main goal was to free Iraq of foreign occupation, particularly from American military and political presence.[43] Once free of outside influence, the 1920s RB aimed to install an Iraqi state guided by Sunni Islamist principles.[44] The 1920s RB condoned targeting Iraqi civilians that support or are complicit with occupying forces.[45] Further, the 1920s RB harshly criticized the U.S., Iran, and the Iraqi government for being interfering foreign powers.[46]
Despite American attempts to persuade Sunni extremist groups to participate in the political reconstruction in Iraq from 2009-2011, the 1920s RB was not politically active in Iraq.[47]
The 1920s RB focused its attacks on American forces and other foreign influences in Iraq. However, in 2007, the group cooperated with U.S. forces in fighting AQI.[48] The group used roadside bombs, mortar attacks, and rocket-propelled grenades, but avoided suicide bombings.[49] The 1920s RB condoned targeting Iraqi civilians that are in alignment with occupying forces.[50]
Disclaimer: These are some selected major attacks in the militant organization's history. It is not a comprehensive listing but captures some of the most famous attacks or turning points during the campaign.
June 2004: The 1920s Revolution Brigade kidnapped and held U.S. Marine Wassef Ali Hassoun for three weeks in June 2004. The organization threatened to kill Hassoun in a video shown on Al Arabiya television. It is unclear if Hassoun worked with the group to stage the kidnapping to avoid desertion charges. He was found at the Beirut embassy on July 7, 2004 and was charged for desertion by the U.S. Navy. Dr. Abdullah Suleiman Omary claims that he was released after he swore on the Koran that he would no longer help the U.S. (0 wounded, 0 killed)[51]
June 2007: The 1920s RB, as part of the Anbar Salvation Council, fought AQI in the Anbar Provence. (unknown wounded, unknown killed)[52]
June 2007: The group fought AQI in the Diyala province in their first attack following the split from Hamas Iraq. The city of Buhriz in Diyala was a stronghold of AQI’s power, but the 1920s RB successfully drove the group of out of the city in this attack. (unknown wounded, unknown killed)[53]
August 2008: The 1920s RB took down an American drone in Kirkuk. (0 wounded, 0 killed)[54]
June 2009: The 1920s RB claimed responsibility for bombing an American military vehicle in northern Iraq. (unknown wounded, unknown killed)[55]
December 2009: The 1920s RB bombed an American military vehicle in Western Baghdad. (unknown wounded, unknown killed)[56]
January 2014: The 1920s RB helped IS take control of the city of Fallujah. (unknown wounded, unknown killed)[57]
June 2014: The 1920s RB helped IS take control of the city of Mosul. (unknown wounded, unknown killed)[58]
The 1920s Revolutionary Brigades is not a designated as terrorist organization by the United States.[59]
The 1920s RB was reportedly able to sustain recruitment efforts in Eastern Baqubah in Republican Guard communities. Additionally, according to the Counterterrorism Center at West Point, the high rates of poverty in the region and the presence of harvesting cycles – which imply that a large portion of the work force rotates in and out of work seasonally and strangers come and go – further facilitated the 1920s RB’s presence in the community.[60]
In 2007, members of the 1920s RB splintered to form Hamas Iraq because of disagreements over ideology, cooperation with American troops, and opposition to AQI. The groups had little interaction since the split, except for an incident in 2007 during the anti-AQI Diyala campaign. An American military official stated that the American government cooperated with the 1920s RB, but the 1920s RB countered that this was a “very big lie” and that Hamas Iraq was actually the organization that cooperated with the American troops.[61]
Later in 2007, the 1920s RB joined with Mohammed al-Fatih Brigades and six other groups to form the umbrella group, the Reform and Jihad Front. The goal of this coalition was to preemptively diffuse a power vacuum should the U.S. withdraw and the Iraqi government collapse.[62]
In April 2010, members from the 1920s RB met with representatives from 19 other Iraqi groups in Turkey, including the al-Rashideen Army, to plan a comeback following the U.S. withdrawal.[63] The groups agreed that they were not in favor of using force against Iraqis, but if the Iraqi government did not attempt to reconcile with extremist groups, they would resort to force to defend themselves.[64]
Members of the 1920s RB comprised the majority of both the general body and the leadership of the Anbar Salvation Council, which was a group of 25 Sunni tribes formed in 2006 that sought to fight with the Iraqi government against Al Qaeda forces.[65] The 1920s RB helped the Council eradicate AQI from the Anbar Provence in 2007.[66] In June 2007, former members of the 1920s RB drove AQI out of the city of Buhriz in their first independent military conflict against the organization.[67] Elements from the 1920s RB also fought alongside Iraqi government forces against AQI and openly denounced AQI for terrorizing civilians in Salahadin, Diyala, and Babil in late 2007.[68]
The 1920s RB helped form the General Military Council of Iraqi Revolutionaries (GMCIR) in 2013.[69] This coalition consisted of roughly 75,000 fighters in 2014. The components making up this force could broadly be reduced into two categories: tribal units and neo-Baathists. (The 1920s RB falls into the latter category.)[70]
The 1920s RB played a significant role in the attack on Mosul under the GCMIR banner, and it also joined a military council with IS to control territory in Fallujah.[71] IS soon started to ask the GMCIR to give up its weapons, but the GMCIR refused. The last known activity of the GMCIR occurred in 2016.[72] The 1920s RB displayed wariness of the Islamic State’s attempts to exert power of the group and carefully distanced themselves while simultaneously avoiding direct opposition with IS. The 1920s RB remained opposed to the Islamic State’s violent actions against Iraqi citizens, such as the massacre of the Yazidis or its imposition of Sharia law.[73] However, the 1920s RB also opposed the participation of Arab States in the coalition against IS because the coalition conducted air strikes on the Sunni areas of Iraq in 2014.[74]
There is no evidence of outside influence on the group.
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[11] "Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq," Department of Defense, Report to Congress in accordance with the Department of Defense Supplemental Appropriations Act 2008 (Section 9204, Public Law 110-252), October 30, 2009, pp. 22-3.
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[13] Londoño, Ernesto, "Meetings Outside Iraq Cause Concern Amid Baghdad Political Crisis," The Washington Post, June 1, 2010, p. A5, LexisNexis Academic.
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